1703334180
1703334181
27.Davids, 2008.
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1703334183
28.Brenner, 1976.
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1703334185
29.Brenner, 2001.
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1703334187
30.Zeeuw, 1978; De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, 182.
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1703334189
31.Smil, 2010, 83.
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1703334191
32.De Vries and van der Woude, 1997; van Dam, 2001.
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1703334193
33.De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, 199–200.
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1703334195
34.Wallerstein, 1974, 121–22.
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1703334197
35.Topolski, 1962; Moore 2010b.
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1703334199
36.Davids, 2008, 239, 408–9.
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1703334201
37.Van der Woude, 2003.
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1703334203
38.De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, 37.
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1703334205
39.Van der Woude, 2003.
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1703334207
40.Unger, 1984, 245–46.
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1703334209
41.Van der Woude, 2003, 75.
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1703334211
42.Van Zanden, 1993, 172, cited in Davids, 2008, 18.
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1703334213
43.De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, ch. 12.
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44.Ibid., 631.
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1703334217
45.Nef, 1934; De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, 37–40.
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46.Nef, 1964是早期工业化的典型描述。也可参见：Moore, 2016, 78–115; 2017a。
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47.Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium (Polyhistor) 22, quoted in Freese, 2003, 15.
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48.Malanima, 2009, 61.
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49.Braudel, 1981, 369.
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1703334227
50.Wrigley, 1990, 59.
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1703334229
51.De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, 631.
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