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spectators: boundary separation participants from 旁观者：与参与者的区分界线；numbers of 旁观者的数量；reference politicians’ relationship with 参照政治人与旁观者的关系
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Spencer, Herbert 赫伯特·斯彭斯
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staff（crisscross）system of supervision 监督的参谋（十字形）系统
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staff type of organization 组织的参谋类型
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stockholders：股东：as ultimate sover-eigns 作为最高领导
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subordinates 下属；communicating with 与下属沟通；control over 对下属的控制；ensuring compliance by 确保下属顺从；judging by results 用结果进行判断；more intelligent than supervisors 比监管人员更聪明；pleasing of sover-eigns 取悦领导； ranking of superiors by number of 依据下属数量确定上级级别；reporting on other subordinates 打其他下属的小报告；rewards and penalties 奖与罚；as slaves 作为奴隶； sovereigns’ knowledge of activities of 领导对下属活动的了解；superior to supervisor in abilities 上级对监督人员能力的了解；tradeoffs for higher/lower numbers of 数量多/少的替换办法；types of obedience from 服从的类型
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superiors: arts of persuasion 上级：劝说的艺术；individual’s way of dealing with 与个人打交道的方式；influence over inferiors 对下级的影响；multiple 多位上级；personal assistants to 个人助手
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supervision：监督、监管：cost accounting for 成本核算；crisscross system of 十字型体制；ease of high vs. low level 高与低水平的放松；judging subordinates by results 根据成果对下属作出判断；law of large numbers in 大数法则；within military 军队中的监管
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supervisors：监管人员：central problem for most 大多数人遇到的关键问题；criteria for judging subordinates 判断下属的原则；efficiency sought from subordinates 从下属中挖掘效率ideal 理想的监管人员；ignorance of area supervised 对所监督领域的忽视
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Swigget, Harold, Power and the Prize 哈罗德·斯威格特，《权力与奖励》
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takeover bids 接管出价
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tariffs, abolishing of 废除关税
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tasks in hierarchies：等级制的任务：complexity and efficiency 复杂与效率；limitations on 限制条件；simple vs. complex 简单与复杂
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tenure 终身的
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theory of constitutions 宪政理论
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theory of political obligation 政治寡头统治理论
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theory of the firm 企业理论
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Tullock, Gordon：戈登·塔洛克：The Calculus of Consent 《同意的计算》，0；contributions to administrative theory 有关行政管理理论的著作；Entrepreneurial Politics 《创新政治学》；methodology used by 运用的方法论；“Utility, Strategy, and Social Decision Rules, A Comment” 《效用、策略与社会决策规则评说》
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two-party political systems, pressure toward 对两党政治制度的压力
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ultimate sovereigns 最高领导
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United States government: bureaucratic cliques 美国政府官僚体制中的派系
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U.S. Congress: slipping bills through 美国国会，法案的通过
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U.S. Department of State 美国国务院
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U.S. foreign policy 美国外交政策
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“Utility, Strategy, and Social Decision Rules, A Comment”（Tullock） 《效用、策略与社会决策规则评说》（塔洛克 著）
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