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6Grant D. McCracken,Culture and Consumption,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1988,p.81.
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7Roland Barthes,Elements of Semiology,New York:Hill & Wang,1964. Grant McCracken,Culture and Consumption,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1988,pp. 8081.
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8Dan Slater,Consumer Culture and Modernity,Cambridge,U. K.:Polity Press,1997. p. 150.
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9在封建王朝时代,君王官权等级与物品使用等级有着直接的关联。皇帝使用的物品,从颜色、品质到数量都是直接成为至高无上权力的象征,公卿百官无不在物品使用上与普通百姓有尊卑上下之分。但即使他们也都必须占有物品方能享有物品。为了尽量享有物品,就必须有尽量大的占有能力,那就是钱,贪污受贿由此而起。与“文革”时相比,今天除非官位特高,不占有便能享有的拥有(“公家分配”)已经十分有限,钱又重新成为为享有而占有的主要途径。官员的贪污受贿重新又成为一个令人注目的焦点。
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10Ignatieff以莎士比亚的《李尔王》一剧说明需要和身份等级的关系。李尔王被废黜以后,在旷野上与野兽为伍,方才明白,当年他贵为帝王时的那些“正当需要”其实是多么荒唐。“文革”中,许多养尊处优惯了的“高层人士”在牛棚、干校和下放处境中的体验,想来有相似的“需要教育”效果。Michael Ignatieff,The Needs of Strangers,New York: Elisabeth Sifton Books,1984,pp. 2553.
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11Agnes Heller,Beyond Justice,New York:Blackwell,1987,p. 186.
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12Michael Ignatieff,The Needs of Strangers,p. 14.
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13Ibid.,p. 11.
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14Kate Soper,On Human Needs:Open and Closed Theories in a Marxist Perspective. Sussex,U. K.:The Harvester Press,1981,p. 2.
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15Len Doyal and Ian Gough,A Theory of Human Need,New York:The Guilford Press,1991,p. 4.
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16Robert Nozick,Anarchy,State,and Utopia,New York:Basic Books,1974,pp. 15,61.
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17John Rawls,A Theory of Justice,Cambridge,M. A.:Harvard University Press,1971,pp.15,6061.
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18例如“男”和“女”这两种文化范畴和价值(姑且称之为“性别主义”)几乎是所有社会秩序的一部分。女着男装似乎是对性别主义的故意挑战和颠覆。但是每一次这样的挑战都可以被原有的性别主义秩序所化解,女着男装本身变成了一种“女性”时尚。又例如,香烟可以以变异的形式成为同样性别秩序的记号。舒德森在研究中指出,上个世纪初,吸烟不吸烟是男女区别的一种标志,随着女性吸烟者的增多,香烟的象征符号意义被动摇,但是又很快调整了自己。于是又出现了男性吸非过滤嘴的,女性吸有过滤嘴的区别。普遍的健康意识渐渐使男性也吸上了有过滤嘴的,于是区别又改变为男性吸烟味浓的,女性吸烟味淡的,变来变去,并没有动摇原来性别主义的秩序,变化都能被原有秩序化解和吸纳。Michael Schudson,Advertising,the Uneasy Persuasion:Its Dubious Impact on American Society,New York:Basic Books,1984. 参见Grant McCracken,Culture and Consumption:New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1988.
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第十六章 文物收藏和怀旧的大众文化
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1《中国大百科全书——文物、博物馆》中国大百科全书出版社1993年版,第1—2页。
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2Jurgen Habermas,The New Conservatism,Cambridge,M. A.:The MIT Press,1990,p. 298.
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3Martin Prosler,“Museum and Globalization,”in Sharon Macdonald and Gordon Fyfe,eds.,Theorizing Museums,Oxford:Blackwell,1996.
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4David Murry,Museums:Their History and Their Use,Glasgow,U. K.:James MacLehose & Sons,1904,p. 231.
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5Neil Harris,Museums,Merchandising and Popular Taste,“The Struggle for Influence,”in I. M. G. Quimby,ed.,Material Culture and the Study of American Life.New York:W. W. Norton,1978. Michael B. Miller,The Bon Marche:Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store,18691920,London: George Allen & Unwin,1981.
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6Michel Foucault,“Of Other Spaces,”Diacritics,Spring 1986,p. 26.
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7Tony Bennett,The Birth of the Museum:History,Theory,Politics,London:Routledge,1995,p. 28.
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8Ibid.,p. 100.
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9Ibid.,p. 6.
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10Tony Bennett也很重视这种折衷性的场所,他所举的例子是有固定地点的游乐园。Tony Bennett,The Birth of the Museum,p. 4.
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11P. Bourdieu,Outline of a Theory in Practice,Cambridge,U. K.:Cambridge University Press,1977. J. Baudrillard,Le systeme des objets,Paris:Gallimard,1968.
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