打字猴:1.70336919e+09
1703369190 [40] Walter Bagehot,The English Constitution (London,Oxford-World’s Classics,1949),p. 202.
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1703369192 [41] Pollard,Parliament ,pp. 255—257.
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1703369194 [42] Holdsworth,4 ,169.
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1703369196 [43] Sir William Blackstone,Commentaries on the Laws of England ,Thomas M. Cooley,ed.(Chicago,Callaghan,1876),1 ,90.
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1703369198 [44] 见J.W. Gough,Fundamental Law in English Constitutional History (Oxford,Clarendon Press,1955),p. 27。
1703369199
1703369200 [45] McIlwain,High Court ,pp. ix,385—386.
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1703369202 [46] Holdsworth,4 ,174、184—185、188—189.
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1703369204 [47] 见J.E. Neale,The Elizabethan House of Commons (London,Penguin,1949),pp. 290—295;Rose,p. 307;Thompson,pp. 169—173;Donald R. Matthews,The Social Background of Political Decision-Makers (New York,Random House,1954),pp. 28—31;J.F.S. Ross,Elections and Electors (London,Eyre and Spottiswoode,1955),p. 444;W.L. Guttsman,The British Political Elite (New York,Basic Books,1963),pp. 82,90,105;D.E. Butler and Richard Rose,The British General Election of 1959 (London,Macmillan,1960),p. 127。
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1703369206 [48] Bagehot,pp. 304.另可见Francis X. Sutton,“Representation and the Nature of Political Systems,”Comparative Studies in Society and History ,2(Oct 1959)。“白哲特谈到英国宪政中有‘荣誉’部分和‘效能’部分的区分。这种区分在许多国家中都清楚可见……这里,功能上的差别当然是分析得出的,而这种分析上的区分,即象征代表和行政控制间的差别,则适用于任何政治制度。”
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1703369208 [49] Thomas Jefferson,Letter to James Madison,Dec.20,1787,Writings (Washington,D.C.,Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association,1903—1905),6 ,389—390;Ford,p. 293.关于作为国王的总统的一篇出色而有说服力的论文,见D.W. Brogan,“The Presidency,”Encounter ,25(Jan.1964),3—7。理查德·E.诺伊施塔特关于美国君主制的性质以及白宫政治与宫廷政治相类性的深刻见解,使我获益匪浅。另可见Pollard,Factors in American History ,pp. 72—73:“直至当今,美国总统仍远比英国国王更似君主,美国君主制比英国更个人化。‘他’在美国是一个人,但‘它’在英国则是一个复合实体。”
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1703369210 [50] Benjamin F. Wright,“The Origins of the Separation of Powers in America,”Economics,13 (May 1933),169 ff.
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1703369212 [51] J.E. Neale,Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments (New York,St. Martin’s,1958),1 ,16—17.
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1703369214 [52] J.E. Neale,Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments (New York,St. Martin’s,1958),1 ,pp. 235,287,387—388,412—413;G.F.M. Campion,An Introduction to the Procedure of the House of Commons (London,Philip Allan,1929),p. 199;Ada C. McCown,The Congressional Conference Committee (New York,Columbia University Press,1927),pp. 23—37.
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1703369216 [53] Rowse,p. 307.
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1703369218 [54] Neale,House of Commons ,p. 381 and passim;Holdsworth,4,177. Campion,2,52—54.
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1703369220 [55] Rowse,p. 294.
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1703369222 [56] Neale,House of Commons ,p. 411.
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1703369224 [57] Rowse,pp. 294—295.
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1703369226 [58] Neale,House of Commons ,pp. 410—412;Neale,Elizabeth I and Her Parliament ,passim.
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1703369228 [59] 见Campion,pp. 37—38;Pollard,Parliament ,pp. 237—238;Richard F. Fenno,The President’s Cabinet (Cambridge,Harvard University Press,1959),pp. 10—13。
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1703369230 [60] 见Huntington,The Soldier and the State (Cambridge,Harvard-Belknap,1957),passim。
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1703369232 [61] J.H. Hexter,Reappraisals in History (Evanston,Ill.,Northwestern University Press,1962),p. 147. Clark,p. 84.关于欧洲军事实践的根本变化,见Michael Roberts,The Military Revolution:1560—1660 (Belfast,Queen’s University,n.d.)。
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1703369234 [62] Alfred Vagts,A History of Militarism (rev. ed. New York,Meridian Books. 1959),p. 92.一般性论述,见Louis Morton,“The Origins of American Military Policy,”Military Affairs,22 (Summer 1958),75—82。
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1703369236 [63] Clark,p. 98;Quincy Wright,A Study of War (Chicago,University of Chicago Press,1942),1 ,235—240.另可见Sir George Clark,War and Society in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge,Cambridge University Press,1958),passim。
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1703369238 [64] Clark,Seventeenth Century ,pp. 98,101—102.另可见Wright,Study of War ,1,256:“在17和20世纪当战事最为激烈的时候,欧洲的政治秩序似乎变动得最剧烈、最迅速。在17世纪,封建主义和神圣罗马帝国被欧洲世俗的主权国家所取代。在20世纪,世俗主权国家似乎正被其他东西所取代,究竟是什么现在还难说。”
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