打字猴:1.70336922e+09
1703369220 [55] Rowse,p. 294.
1703369221
1703369222 [56] Neale,House of Commons ,p. 411.
1703369223
1703369224 [57] Rowse,pp. 294—295.
1703369225
1703369226 [58] Neale,House of Commons ,pp. 410—412;Neale,Elizabeth I and Her Parliament ,passim.
1703369227
1703369228 [59] 见Campion,pp. 37—38;Pollard,Parliament ,pp. 237—238;Richard F. Fenno,The President’s Cabinet (Cambridge,Harvard University Press,1959),pp. 10—13。
1703369229
1703369230 [60] 见Huntington,The Soldier and the State (Cambridge,Harvard-Belknap,1957),passim。
1703369231
1703369232 [61] J.H. Hexter,Reappraisals in History (Evanston,Ill.,Northwestern University Press,1962),p. 147. Clark,p. 84.关于欧洲军事实践的根本变化,见Michael Roberts,The Military Revolution:1560—1660 (Belfast,Queen’s University,n.d.)。
1703369233
1703369234 [62] Alfred Vagts,A History of Militarism (rev. ed. New York,Meridian Books. 1959),p. 92.一般性论述,见Louis Morton,“The Origins of American Military Policy,”Military Affairs,22 (Summer 1958),75—82。
1703369235
1703369236 [63] Clark,p. 98;Quincy Wright,A Study of War (Chicago,University of Chicago Press,1942),1 ,235—240.另可见Sir George Clark,War and Society in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge,Cambridge University Press,1958),passim。
1703369237
1703369238 [64] Clark,Seventeenth Century ,pp. 98,101—102.另可见Wright,Study of War ,1,256:“在17和20世纪当战事最为激烈的时候,欧洲的政治秩序似乎变动得最剧烈、最迅速。在17世纪,封建主义和神圣罗马帝国被欧洲世俗的主权国家所取代。在20世纪,世俗主权国家似乎正被其他东西所取代,究竟是什么现在还难说。”
1703369239
1703369240 [65] McIlwain,High Court ,p. 336;Rowse,pp. 223 ff.
1703369241
1703369242 [66] Friedrich,pp. 20—21. Sabine,pp. 272—273.
1703369243
1703369244 [67] Chrimes,p. 138.
1703369245
1703369246 [68] Louis Hartz,The Founding of New Societies (New York,Harcourt,Brace and World,1964),pp. 3,4,6,23.哈兹关于分裂的理论为分析殖民地的萎缩提供了一个出色的总框架。而他的美国自由和谐概念则在很大程度上解释了都铎政治制度的继续。
1703369247
1703369248 [69] Louis Hartz,The Liberal Tradition in America (New York,Harcourt,Brace. 1955),pp. 9—10,45—46,85—86,133—134,281—282.
1703369249
1703369250 [70] Louis Hartz,The Liberal Tradition in America (New York,Harcourt,Brace. 1955),p. 43.
1703369251
1703369252 [71] Carsten,p. 434;Friedrich,pp. 20—25.
1703369253
1703369254 [72] Palmer,1,passim ,but esp. pp. 323—407.
1703369255
1703369256 [73] Palmer,1,passim ,but esp. 2、350—351.
1703369257
1703369258 [74] Robin Williams,American Society (2d. ed. rev. New York,Knopf,1961),p. 571. Ell Ginzberg and Ewing W. Reilley Effecting Change in Large Organizations (New York,Columbia University Press,1957),pp. 18—19.
1703369259
1703369260 [75] 美国对于政治语言也有独特贡献。如本书第81—82、96页所指出的,美国人用来描述其政府机构的许多术语,曾在英国使用,但随着政治现代化的发展,英国已不再使用这些术语。而在政治参与及组织政治参与的机构等术语的使用方面,情况则正相反。许多术语(如同机构)不是由美国所发明(如政党核心小组、不公正地划分选区等),就是被赋予了新的、特殊的政治意义(如公民、初选、机器、党魁、分赃、竞选纲领、游说等)。
1703369261
1703369262 [76] James MacGregor Burns,The Deadlock of Democracy (Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,Prentice-Hall,1963),p. 34.
1703369263
1703369264 [77] Maurice Duverger,Political Parties (New York,John Wiley,1954),p. 22.
1703369265
1703369266 [78] Merle Kling,“Toward a Theory of Power and Political Instability in Latin America,”Western Political Quarterly,9 (March 1956),21—35.
1703369267
1703369268 [79] Arnold J. Toynbee,“If We Are to Be the Wave of the Future,”New York Times Magazine ,Nov.13,1960,p. 123.
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