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[30] Samuel H. Beer,“The Representation of Interests in British Government Historical Background,”American Political Science Review,51 (Sept.1957),64.
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[31] Faith Thompson,A Short History of Parliament:1295—1642 (Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press,1953),p. 59。
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[32]England of Elizabeth ,p. 306. 参见A.F. Pollard,The Evolution of Parliament (2d ed. rev. London,Longmans,Green,1926),p. 159。波拉德认为,在都铎王朝后期,国会开始向国家化转变。
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[33] Beer,pp. 614—615.
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[34] Herbert W. Horwill,The Usages of the American Constitution (London,Oxford University Press,1925),p. 169.
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[35] Maurice Klain,“A New Look at the Constituencies:The Need for a Recount and a Reappraisal,”American Political Science Review,49 (Dec.1955),passim,but esp. 1111—1113. 1619年伦敦公司召集第一届弗吉尼亚议会时模仿了英国的惯例:“每一种植园两名议员……由当地居民自由选出。”
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[36] Horwill,pp. 169—170. 相反的观点见一美国新闻记者的评论,该记者在报道1964年大选时写道:“英国议员并不惦记着他们的选区。他们甚至不住在选区内……选区一般被视作为伦敦的全国共识提供素材的政治工厂。一名美国议员每周或许会从选民那里收到1 500—2000封信,而一个英国议员通常只收到10封信。”Roderick MacLeish,New York Herald Tribune ,Oct.11,1964.
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[37] McIlwain,High Court,p. xi.楷体为原文所有。
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[38] Pollard,Parliament ,p. 257.
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[39] Richard E. Neustadt,Presidential Power:The Politics of Leadership (New York,John Wiley,1960),p. 33. 楷体为原文所有。
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[40] Walter Bagehot,The English Constitution (London,Oxford-World’s Classics,1949),p. 202.
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[41] Pollard,Parliament ,pp. 255—257.
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[42] Holdsworth,4 ,169.
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[43] Sir William Blackstone,Commentaries on the Laws of England ,Thomas M. Cooley,ed.(Chicago,Callaghan,1876),1 ,90.
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[44] 见J.W. Gough,Fundamental Law in English Constitutional History (Oxford,Clarendon Press,1955),p. 27。
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[45] McIlwain,High Court ,pp. ix,385—386.
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[46] Holdsworth,4 ,174、184—185、188—189.
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[47] 见J.E. Neale,The Elizabethan House of Commons (London,Penguin,1949),pp. 290—295;Rose,p. 307;Thompson,pp. 169—173;Donald R. Matthews,The Social Background of Political Decision-Makers (New York,Random House,1954),pp. 28—31;J.F.S. Ross,Elections and Electors (London,Eyre and Spottiswoode,1955),p. 444;W.L. Guttsman,The British Political Elite (New York,Basic Books,1963),pp. 82,90,105;D.E. Butler and Richard Rose,The British General Election of 1959 (London,Macmillan,1960),p. 127。
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[48] Bagehot,pp. 304.另可见Francis X. Sutton,“Representation and the Nature of Political Systems,”Comparative Studies in Society and History ,2(Oct 1959)。“白哲特谈到英国宪政中有‘荣誉’部分和‘效能’部分的区分。这种区分在许多国家中都清楚可见……这里,功能上的差别当然是分析得出的,而这种分析上的区分,即象征代表和行政控制间的差别,则适用于任何政治制度。”
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[49] Thomas Jefferson,Letter to James Madison,Dec.20,1787,Writings (Washington,D.C.,Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association,1903—1905),6 ,389—390;Ford,p. 293.关于作为国王的总统的一篇出色而有说服力的论文,见D.W. Brogan,“The Presidency,”Encounter ,25(Jan.1964),3—7。理查德·E.诺伊施塔特关于美国君主制的性质以及白宫政治与宫廷政治相类性的深刻见解,使我获益匪浅。另可见Pollard,Factors in American History ,pp. 72—73:“直至当今,美国总统仍远比英国国王更似君主,美国君主制比英国更个人化。‘他’在美国是一个人,但‘它’在英国则是一个复合实体。”
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[50] Benjamin F. Wright,“The Origins of the Separation of Powers in America,”Economics,13 (May 1933),169 ff.
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[51] J.E. Neale,Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments (New York,St. Martin’s,1958),1 ,16—17.
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[52] J.E. Neale,Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments (New York,St. Martin’s,1958),1 ,pp. 235,287,387—388,412—413;G.F.M. Campion,An Introduction to the Procedure of the House of Commons (London,Philip Allan,1929),p. 199;Ada C. McCown,The Congressional Conference Committee (New York,Columbia University Press,1927),pp. 23—37.
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[53] Rowse,p. 307.
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[54] Neale,House of Commons ,p. 381 and passim;Holdsworth,4,177. Campion,2,52—54.
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