打字猴:1.70343122e+09
1703431220
1703431221 [1]Irving Fisher,“The DebtDeflation Theory of Great Depressions,” Econometrica 1 no.4 （1933）:341.
1703431222
1703431223 [2]Ben Bernanke,“On Milton Friedman’s Ninetieth Birthday” （speech,Conference to Honor Milton Friedman,University of Chicago,November 8,2002）.
1703431224
1703431225 [3]从技术上讲，美联储也从非银行公众手中购买了债券。但是如果非银行公众将收入存入银行系统，银行系统以准备金形式持有的资金就会增加，其影响是相似的。
1703431226
1703431227 [4]Paul Douglas,Irving Fisher,Frank Graham,Earl Hamilton,Willford King,and Charles Whittlesey,“A Program for Monetary Reform” （paper,reprinted by the Kettle Pond Instit ute,July 1939）.
1703431228
1703431229 [5]Richard Koo在研究20世纪90年代的日本时，得出了相似的结论。参见 Richard Koo,The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics:Lessons from Japan’s Great Recession（Singapore:John Wiley & Sons \[Asia\],2009）。
1703431230
1703431231 [6]See Peter Temin,Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression? （New York:Norton,1976）; and Paul Krugman,“It’s Baaack:Japan’s Slump and the Return of the Liquidity Trap,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2 （1998）:137-205.
1703431232
1703431233 [7]Richard Koo,“The World in Balance Sheet Recession:What Post2008 West Can Learn from Japan 1990-2005” （presentation,“Paradigm Lost:Rethinking Economics and Politics” conference,Berlin,April 15,2012）,http://ineteconomics.org/conference/berlin/worldbalancesheetrecessionwhatpost2008westcanlearnjapan19902005.
1703431234
1703431235 [8]有关使用直升机撒钱被引用最多的文献来自Milton Friedman：“The Optimum Quantity of Money,” in The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays （Chicago:Aldine,1969）,1-50。
1703431236
1703431237 [9]Ben Bernanke,“Japanese Monetary Policy:A Case of SelfInduced Paralysis”（paper,Princeton University,1999）.
1703431238
1703431239 [10]Martin Wolf,“The Case for Helicopter Money,” Financial Times,February 12,2013.
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1703431241 [11]Willem H.Buiter,“Helicopter Money:Irredeemable Fiat Money and the Liquidity Trap; Or,Is Money Net Wealth after All?” （working paper,January 31,2004）,http://www.willembuiter.com/helinber.pdf.
1703431242
1703431243 [12]Alan Boyce,Glenn Hubbard,Christopher Mayer,and James Witkin,“Streamlined Refinancings for Up to 13 Million Borrowers” （draft policy proposal,Columbia Business School,Columbia University,June 13,2012）,http://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/sites/realestate/fi les/BHMWV15post.pdf.
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1703431245 [13]Krugman,“It’s Baaack.”
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1703431247 [14]Christina Romer,“It Takes a Regime Shift :Recent Developments in Japanese Monetary Policy through the Lens of the Great Depression” （speech,NBER Annual Conference on Macroeconomics,Cambridge,MA,April 12,2013）.
1703431248
1703431249 [15]Emi Nakamura and Jon Steinsson,“Fiscal Stimulus in a Monetary Union:Evidence from U.S.Regions,” American Economic Review,forthcoming.
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1703431251 [16]Gabriel ChodorowReich,Laura Feiveson,Zachary Liscow,and William Gui Woolston,“Does State Fiscal Relief during Recessions Increase Employment?:Evidence from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act,” American Economic Journal:Economic Policy 4 （2012）:118-145; and Daniel Wilson,“Fiscal Spending Job Multipliers:Evidence from the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act,” American Economic Journal:Economic Policy,forthcoming.
1703431252
1703431253 [17]Gauti Eggertsson and Paul Krugman,“Debt,Deleveraging,and the Liquidity Trap:A FisherMinskyKoo Approach,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 127,no.3（2012）:1469-513.
1703431254
1703431255 [18]Paul Krugman,End This Depression Now! （New York:Norton,2012）.
1703431256
1703431257 [19]当然，也有一些政府支出用于本金减记的例子。最有名的就是我们在第10章讨论过的大萧条期间的房主贷款公司。
1703431258
1703431259 [20]房产税是一个例外，但它仅占全部税收收入的0.6%。参见Center on Budget and Policy Priorities,“Where Do Federal Tax Revenues Come From?” April 12,2013,http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=3822。
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1703431261 [21]HansWerner Sinn,“Why Berlin Is Balking on a Bailout,” New York Times,June 12,2012.
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1703431263 [22]Atif Mian,Amir Sufi ,and Francesco Trebbi,“Resolving Debt Overhang:Political Constraints in the Aftermath of Financial Crises,” American Economic Journal:Macroeconomics,forthcoming.
1703431264
1703431265 [23]同上。
1703431266
1703431267 [24]这些都是Carmen Reinhart和Ken Rogoff所定义的金融危机。
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1703431269 第12章
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