打字猴:1.70368319e+09
1703683190 [7]IISS, The Military Balance 2013.Abingdon:Routledge for the IISS,2013,p.252.
1703683191
1703683192 [8]在债主的催促下,英、德两国曾于1902年12月至1903年2月联手对委内瑞拉实施军事封锁。此外,在1923年,英国也曾为了保护在广州的债权人而出动舰队。
1703683193
1703683194 [9]“The Geopolitical Impact of Internationalization of a Large Currency”,presentation by Deutsche Bank global strategist Peter Garber at the University of California San Diego,8 June 2012,available to watch at vimeo.com/44338726.
1703683195
1703683196 [10]This categorisation is largely based on Benjamin J.Cohen,“The Macrofoundations of Monetary Power”,in David M.Andrews(ed.),International Monetary Power.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2006,pp.31-50.
1703683197
1703683198 [11]David M.Andrews,“Monetary Power and Monetary Statecraft”,in David M.Andrews(ed.),International Monetary Power, p.7;Barry Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege:The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System.New York:Oxford University Press,2011,pp.154-159.
1703683199
1703683200 [12]Francis Gavin,“Ideas, Power, and the Politics of U.S.International Monetary Policy during the 1960s”,in Jonathan Kirshner(ed.),Monetary Orders:Ambiguous Economics, Ubiquitous Politics.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2003,p.196.
1703683201
1703683202 [13]See the Bundesbank’s archives, available at http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Standardartikel/Topics/2013_01 18_blessing_letter.html.
1703683203
1703683204 [14]Francis Gavin,“Ideas, Power, and the Politics of U.S.International Monetary Policy during the 1960s”,in Jonathan Kirshner(ed.),Monetary Orders:Ambiguous Economics, Ubiquitous Politics.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2003,p.217.
1703683205
1703683206 [15]Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten, Changing Fortunes:The World’s Money and the Threat to American Leadership.New York:Random House,1992,p.61.
1703683207
1703683208 [16]Harold James, International Monetary Cooperation since Bretton Woods.Washington, DC:International Monetary Fund,1996,p.210,cited in Andrews(ed.),International Monetary Power.
1703683209
1703683210 [17]Ibid.,p.148.
1703683211
1703683212 [18]Ibid.,p.148.
1703683213
1703683214 [19]Ibid.,p.271.
1703683215
1703683216 [20]2013年第二季度,全球外汇储备总规模是11.4万亿美元,但其中占比45%的国家并未向IMF披露其外汇储备结构。
1703683217
1703683218 [21]Arthur Kroeber,“China’s Global Currency:Lever for Financial Reform”,Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy, Monograph Series, no.3,February 2013,p.56.
1703683219
1703683220 [22]United States General Accounting Office Report to Congressional Committees,“International Monetary Fund Observations on the IMF’s Financial Operations”,Washington DC, September 1999,p.34;C.Fred Bergsten,“The International Monetary Fund and the National Interests of the United States”,testimony before the Joint Economic Committee of the US Congress, Washington DC,24 February 1998,http://www.iie.com/publications/testimony/testimony.cfm?ResearchID=307.
1703683221
1703683222 [23]Jacques Rueff, Le péché monétaire de l’occident.Paris:Plon,1971.
1703683223
1703683224 [24]Paul Taylor,“U.S.‘soft power’takes a hit over government shutdown”,Reuters,17 October 2013;“Dollar’s reserve role at risk from U.S.budget uncertainty-ECB’s Nowotny”,Reuters,12 October 2013.
1703683225
1703683226 [25]Peter Garber,“The Geopolitical Impact of Internationalization of a Large Currency”.
1703683227
1703683228 [26]Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege, p.134.
1703683229
1703683230 [27]US Energy Information Administration, Saudi Arabia full report 26 February 2013,http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=SA.
1703683231
1703683232 [28]Benjamin J.Cohen,“The Benefits and Costs of an International Currency:Getting the Calculus Right”,Open Economies Review, vol.23,no.1,February 2012,P.16.
1703683233
1703683234 [29]Kenneth Rogoff,“World is right to worry about US debt”,Financial Times,24 January 2013.
1703683235
1703683236 [30]Adam Posen,“Why the Euro will Not Rival the Dollar”,International Finance, vol.11,no.1,Spring 2008,p.96.
1703683237
1703683238 [31]伯南克的观点也获得了其他人的认同。时任英格兰银行行长默文·金就表示,随着资金纷纷流向西方,西方金融机构也开始“超常规”追求高风险高回报。
1703683239
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