1704343280
1704343281
4. A version of Daniel Kahneman’s Nobel Prize acceptance speech on December 8, 2002, was published as: Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 58(9), 697–720.
1704343282
1704343283
5. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking Fast and Slow New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1704343284
1704343285
6. When a string of data — for example, a group of digits — is sufficiently close connected in our memories that recalling one part of it draws forth the rest, it can count as one “chunk.” So the reason that we might remember a seven- digit phone number is because we’ve turned it into two chunks of three and four digits, respectively — or even, with repetition, one single chunk. See: Cowan, N. (2008). What are the differences between longterm, short-term, and working memory? Progress in Brain Research 169, 323–338. See also: Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87–185.
1704343286
1704343287
7. Dux, P.E., Ivanoff, J., Asplund, C.L., & Marois, R. (2006). Isolation of a centra bottleneck of information processing with time-resolved FMRI. Neuron, 52(6),1109–1120. (See Chapter 4 for other multitasking references.)
1704343288
1704343289
8. Baumeister, R., & Tierney, J. (2011). Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength. New York: Penguin.
1704343290
1704343291
9. Shiv, B., & Fedorikhin, A. (1999). Heart and mind in conflict: The interplay affect and cognition in consumer decision making.Journal of Consumer Research,26, 278–292.
1704343292
1704343293
10. Treisman, A., & Geffen, G. (1967). Selective attention: Perception or response Quarterly Journal ofExperimental Psychology, 19(1), 1–17.
1704343294
1704343295
11. Simons and Chabris write entertainingly about this and other selective attention research in their book: Chabris, C.F., & Simons, D.J. (2010). The Invisible Grilla: And Other Ways Our Intuitions Deceive Us. New York: Crown. The origina academic article is: Simons, D.J., & Chabris, C.F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28(9), 1059–1074.You’ll see that those counting black shirts were more likely to see the gorilla, presumably because the gorilla was also black — so their brains treated the gorilla as slightly more “relevant” than those counting white shirts.
1704343296
1704343297
12. If you haven’t seen the video, I’ve now blown the surprise. Sorry about that. But if you’re still keen to watch it, here it is: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo. You can also try watching this excellent video made by psychologist Richard Wiseman, which I use with my clients now that the gorilla(sorry, I mean basketball) video is so widely known: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3iPrBrGSJM.
1704343298
1704343299
13. LeDoux, J. (2012). Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron, 73(4), 653–676.
1704343300
1704343301
14. Adrenaline is sometimes known as epinephrine, and noradrenaline is sometimes called norepinephrine.
1704343302
1704343303
15. The amygdala plays a complex role in directing the brain’s attention towar anything that’s emotionally ambiguous, whether positive or negative. Research has focused especially on the central role of the amygdala in our response to potential threats. For example, this study found that people’s amygdalas respond when exposed to a frightened face for only thirty milliseconds, too short a period to consciously notice: Whalen, P.J., et al. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal ofNeuroscience, 18(1), 411–418. This article found that people’s amygdalas subcosciously responded to angry expressions in photos even when they were being asked to focus on buildings in the same photos: Anderson, A.K., Christoff, K.,Panitz, D.,De Rosa, E., & Gabrieli, J.D. (2003). Neural correlates of the automatic processing of threat facial signals. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(13), 5627–5633. In this study,researchers found that damage to the amygdala meant that people weren’t able to recognize fearful expressions on others’ faces: Adolphs, R., et al. (1995). Fear and the human amygdala. Journal ofNeuroscience, 15(9), 5879–5891.
1704343304
1704343305
16. Arnsten, A. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 410–422. For a less academic overview of the basic principle, this is a good read: Arnsten, A. (1998). The biology of being frazzled.Science, 280 (5370), 1711–1712.
1704343306
1704343307
17. Andreas Eder and colleagues review “discover and defend” behavioral patterns in the modern world, in: Eder, A.B., Elliot, A.J., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2013). Approach and avoidance motivation: Issues and advances. Emotion Review, 5, 227–229.
1704343308
1704343309
18. For example, the work that Mark Beeman has done with colleagues at Northwestern, referenced in: Subramaniam, K., et al. (2009). A brain mechanism for facilitation of insight by positive affect.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(3),415–432. See also Alice Isen’s comprehensive review: Isen, A. (2000). Positive affect and decision-making. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), The Handboo ofEmotions, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
1704343310
1704343311
19. Deci, E.L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R.M. (1999). A meta- analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668.
1704343312
1704343313
20. Dunbar, R.I.M. (2003). The social brain: Mind, language, and society in evoltionary perspective. Annual Review ofAnthropology, 32(1), 163–181.
1704343314
1704343315
21. See Matt Lieberman’s excellent book on our social brains for an overview of this research: Lieberman, M. (2013). Social. New York: Crown.
1704343316
1704343317
22. Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000). Self- determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.
1704343318
1704343319
23. Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterprettion. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1): 75–98. More recent work can be found in Kang,M.J., et al. (2009). The wick in the candle of learning: Epistemic curiosity activate reward circuitry and enhances memory. Psychological Science, 20(8), 963–973.
1704343320
1704343321
24. Payne, J.D. (2010). Memory consolidation, the diurnal rhythm of cortisol, and the nature of dreams: A new hypothesis. In A. Clow & P. McNamara (Eds.), International Review ofNeurobiology, vol. 92. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
1704343322
1704343323
25. It’s true that there’s a tiny proportion of people who need less sleep, but researchers have only ever found a few people who are truly “short sleepers.” Daniel Buysse, professor of psychiatry and clinical and translational science at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, says, “Out of every 100 people who believe they only need five or six hours of sleep a night, only about five people really do Quoted in Melinda Beck, “The sleepless elite,”Wall Street Journal, April 5, 2011.
1704343324
1704343325
26. Czeisler, C., & Fryer, B. (2006). A conversation with Harvard Medical School professor Charles A. Czeisler. Harvard Business Review, October.
1704343326
1704343327
27. For a great review of the evidence on the benefits of exercise, including man references to studies that are themselves meta- analyses, see Ratey, J.J., & Loehr, J.E.(2011). The positive impact of physical activity on cognition during adulthood
:review of underlying mechanisms, evidence and recommendations. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 22(2), 171–185. For a meta- analysis of 150 studies showing benefcial workplace effects, see also Conn, V.S., et al. (2009). Meta analysis of workplace physical interventions. American Journal ofPreventative Medicine, 37(4), 330–339.
1704343328
1704343329
28. For a full list of references, see Ratey, J.J., & Loehr, J.E. (2011). The positiv impact of physical activity on cognition during adulthood: A review of underlying mechanisms, evidence and recommendations. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 22(2),171–185.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70434328e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]