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10. Pascual-Leone, A., Nguyet, D., Cohen, L.G., Brasil-Neto, J.P., Cammarota, A.,& Hallett, M. (1995). Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills.Journal ofNeurophysiology, 74(3), 1037–1045.
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第二节 效率课
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1. Schor, J. (2003). The (even more) overworked American. In J. De Graaf (Ed.) Take Back Your Time: Fighting Overwork and Time Poverty in America (p. 7). San Francisco: Berrett- Koehler.
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2. For example, the large- sample Whitehall study found a robust relationship between longer working hours (beyond forty hours a week) and lower scores on verbal and reasoning tests: Virtanen, M., et al. (2009). Long working hours and cognitive function: The Whitehall II Study.American Journal of Epidemiology,169(5), 596–605. The OECD also published data showing a negative relationship between average national levels of productivity and working hours between 1990 and 2012. Accessible at http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LEVEL#.
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第四章 事情一多就手忙脚乱？试试一心专用
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1. Dux, P.E., Ivanoff, J., Asplund, C.L., & Marois, R. (2006). Isolation of a cetral bottleneck of information processing with time-resolved fMRI. Neuron, 52(6),1109–1120. In fact, other researchers found that longer interruptions increased the error rate further — while a two- second break in concentration doubled the error rate, a four- second distraction tripled it: Altmann, E.M., Trafton, J.G., & Habrick, D.Z. (2014). Momentary interruptions can derail the train of thought. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 215–226.
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2. Speier, C., Valacich, J.S., & Vessey, I. (1999). The influence of task interrupti on individual decision making: An information overload perspective. Decision Sciences, 30(2), 337–360.
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3. Iqbal, S.T., & Horvitz, E. (2007). Disruption and recovery of computing tasks
:Field study, analysis, and directions. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, California.
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4. Tombu, M.N., Asplund, C.L., Dux, P.E., Godwin, D., Martin, J.W., & Marois,R.(2011). A unified attentional bottleneck in the human brain.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(33), 13426–13431.
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5. Bailey, B.P., & Konstan, J.A. (2006). On the need for attention- aware systems
:Measuring effects of interruption on task performance, error rate, and affecti state. Computers in Human Behavior, 22(4), 685–708.
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6. I’m defining “serious” crashes as those where someone was injured; 18 percen of these involved a distracted driver. Traffic Safety FactResearch Note (Summary ofStatistical Findings) (2014). DOT HS 812 012. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved from http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812012.pdf.
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7. Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A.D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(37), 15583–15587.
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8. Sanbonmatsu, D.M., Strayer, D.L., Medeiros-Ward, N., & Watson, J.M. (2013).Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability,impulsivity, and sensation seeking. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e54402.
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9. For an example of the way that typical “time of day” advice fails to apply equally to larks and owls, see: Gunia, B.C., Barnes, C.M., & Sah, S. (2014). The morality o larks and owls: Unethical behavior depends on chronotype as well as time of day.Psychological Science, 25(12), 2272–2274. They were responding to widely reporte findings that people are more moral in the mornings. That turns out to be true f morning people; for nighttime folks, it’s the opposite.
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第五章 刻意“停工”，时刻“复盘”，大脑更高效
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1. Danziger, S., Levav, J., & Avnaim-Pesso, L. (2011). Extraneous factors in judicial decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(17), 6889–6892.
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2. Baumeister, R., & Tierney, J. (2011). Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength. New York: Penguin.
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3. Dai, H., Milkman, K.L., Hofmann, D.A., & Staats, B.R. (2014). The impact o time at work and time off from work on rule compliance: The case of hand hygie in health care. Journal ofApplied Psychology.
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4. Food plays an important part in refreshing our capacity to embrace the next wave of work. There’s some disagreement on exactly why, though. Most argue it’because the brain needs blood sugar; see Baumeister, R., & Tierney, J. (2011). Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength. New York: Penguin. Others say it’s because hunger is a drain on the brain’s deliberate system, because it causes an unpleasant distraction that has to be managed with self- control: Kohn, D. (2014).Sugar on the brain. New Yorker, May 6. The upshot is the same, though. You nee to feed your brain and you’ll get tetchy and distracted if you don’t.
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5. Raichle, M.E. (2010). The brain’s dark energy.Scientific American, 302 28–33. A more academic article covering similar ground is: Raichle, M.E. (2010). Two views of brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(4), 180–190.
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6. Sami, S., Robertson, E.M., & Miall, R.C. (2014). The time course of task specific memory consolidation effects in resting state networks.Journal of Neuroscience,34(11), 3982–3992.
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7. Di Stefano, G., Gino, F., Pisano, G., & Staats, B. (2014). Learning by thinking
:How reflection aids performance. Harvard Business School Working Paper, No 14- 093, March 2014.
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8. Telephone interview with Jessica Payne, March 5, 2015.
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