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20.American Nurses Association, “American Nurses Association’s First Position.”
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21.The ANA, of course, had some self-interest in doing so, since stricter requirements would help raise wages for its members.See Chapter 9.
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22.Christensen, Grossman, and Hwang, Innovator’s Prescription.
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23.Autor, Dorn, and Hanson, “China Syndrome.”
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24.Acemoglu et al., “Return of the Solow Paradox?”
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25.Autor, Levy, and Murnane, “Skill Content.”
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26.This assumes that computer skills are occupation specific, otherwise wages for workers with computer skills would be equalized across occupations.This assumption makes sense if the associated skills are for application-specific computer systems, not merely for computer use generally.
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27.The measure of experience here is potential experience calculated as the age of the worker minus the years of schooling minus 7.The table is based on differences in the means of log hourly wages.A multiple regression analysis using a Mincer-type equation with dummy variables for different levels of schooling and experience, plus controls for gender and race, shows very similar estimates based on differences in regression coefficients.
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28.Manpower Group, “Talent Shortage Survey.”
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29.Cappelli, Why Good People Can’t Get Jobs.
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30.Cappelli, Why Good People Can’t Get Jobs, ebook location 313.
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31.Kocherlakota, “Inside the FOMC.”
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32.For a more thorough discussion of the “skills gap” see Rothstein, “Labor Market.”
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33.Various statistics on computer and Internet use are available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/computer/publications/.
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34.Bresnahan and Trajtenberg, “General Purpose Technologies ‘Engines of Growth’?” For an overview, see Jovanovic and Rousseau, “General Purpose Technologies.”
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35.Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, table D765.Wages are deflated using the GDP deflator.Hours per week also fell.The real hourly wage grew 4 percent over this twenty year interval.
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36.Brynjolfsson and McAfee, Second Machine Age.
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37.Rifkin, End of Work, p.3.
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38.Press conference, February 15, 1962, reported in Dunlop, Automation and Technological Change.
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39.Keynes, “Economic Possibilities.”
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40.Marx, Capital, vol.1, ch.15, quoting Andrew Ure in The Philosophy of Manufactures (London: Charles Knight, 1835, p.23).
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41.Vinge, “Coming Technological Singularity.”
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42.Timothy B.Lee, “No, Artificial Intelligence Isn’t Going to Take All of Our Jobs,” The Switch (blog), Washington Post, October 23, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/10/23/no-artificial-intelligence-isnt-going-to-take-all-of-our-jobs/.
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第八章 技术会要求更多的大学文凭吗？
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1.In Joe Klein, “Learning That Works,” Time, May 14, 2012.
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