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12.Salzman, Kuehn, and Lowell, “Guestworkers.”
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13.Jonathan Rothwell,“The Silicon Valley Wage Premium,” The Avenue (blog), Brookings Institution, August 6, 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/the-avenue/posts/2014/08/06-the-silicon-valley-wage-premium-rothwell.
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14.See, for example, Catherine Rampell, “Data Reveal a Rise in College Degrees among Americans,” New York Times, June 12, 2013: “ ‘Think about jobs fifteen years ago that didn’t need any college education,’ said Sandy Baum, a senior fellow at the George Washington University Graduate School of Education.Many of them now do, she added.‘Maybe you don’t need a bachelor’s to change bedpans,’ Ms.Baum said, ‘but today if you’re an auto mechanic, you really have to understand computers and other technical things.’ ”
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15.My estimates from the Current Population Survey.
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16.Salzman, Kuehn, and Lowell, “Guestworkers.”
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17.These percentages are for hourly wages taken from the Current Population Survey Merged Outgoing Rotation Group, and the author’s calculations, comparing the mean hourly wage for workers with sixteen years of education (± 0.5) to that for workers with twelve years of education (± 0.5), excluding self-employed workers.The dashed line shows the mean for college-educated workers with less than.ve years of experience to all high school educated workers.
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18.This association does not necessarily imply causality.For example, one famous economics paper found that wage increases also tended to occur in occupations that use pencils.However, it does seem plausible that at least part of the increase in college wages relative to high school wages can be attributed to technology.
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19.Goldin and Katz, Race between Education and Technology.
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20.In 1979, college-educated workers with less than.ve years experience earned 1 percent more than workers with only a high school diploma; in 2009, they earned 16 percent more.Note that the wages of inexperienced college-educated workers are more volatile with respect to the business cycle.
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21.Stone, Van Horn, and Zukin, “Chasing the American Dream.”
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22.Abel, Deitz, and Su, “Are Recent College Graduates Finding Good Jobs?”
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23.This difference arises because employers only have limited information on the abilities of job applicants.A college diploma provides information that the applicant might be better at learning on the job, but in many cases that “signal” will not be correct.Thus some college-educated workers will not be suitable where jobs require substantial learning on the job.Some will quit and some will be.red.Note that I.am not arguing that a college diploma is purely about signaling (as some people do).
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24.Using the March Current Population Survey, I compare top-level providers to mid-skill providers and technicians.Top-level providers include physicians, dentists, veterinarians, optometrists, and podiatrists; the second group includes registered nurses, pharmacists, dietitians, respiratory therapists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech therapists, therapists not elsewhere classified, physicians’ assistants, clinical laboratory technologists and technicians, dental hygienists, health record technologists and technicians, radiologic technicians, licensed practical nurses, and health technologists and technicians not elsewhere classified,.If the ratio of mid-skill providers to top-level providers had remained the same as in 1989, there would have been 1.96 million fewer mid-level jobs in 2009.
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25.The administration has since announced some new initiatives in technical education, but funding levels have remained the same.
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26.This is spending per full-time equivalent student.Desrochers and Wellman, “Trends.”
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27.Richard Vedder,“Princeton Reaps Tax Breaks as State Colleges Beg,” Bloomberg News, March.18, 2012.
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28.Century Foundation, Bridging the Higher Education Divide.
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29.Holzer et al., “Where Are All the Good Jobs?,” p..41.
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30.Appelbaum, Bernhardt, and Murnane, Low-Wage America.
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31.Maggie Severns, “The Student Loan Debt Crisis in 9 Charts,” Mother Jones, June 5, 2013, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/06/student-loan-debt-charts.
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32.See, for example, Greenstone and Looney, “Where Is the Best Place to Invest $102,000?”
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33.In addition, these studies tend to ignore the risk that a student will not complete college, but nevertheless accumulate debt (only about half of college entrants obtain a diploma within six years), and they ignore the extent to which the people who complete college would also be able to earn more than the average high school graduate even without the diploma (because of greater drive or ability).
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第九章 谁的知识经济？
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1.Mokyr, Gifts of Athena.
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2.Drucker, “Next Society.”
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