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30.Cappelli, Why Good People Can’t Get Jobs, ebook location 313.
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31.Kocherlakota, “Inside the FOMC.”
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32.For a more thorough discussion of the “skills gap” see Rothstein, “Labor Market.”
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33.Various statistics on computer and Internet use are available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/computer/publications/.
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34.Bresnahan and Trajtenberg, “General Purpose Technologies ‘Engines of Growth’?” For an overview, see Jovanovic and Rousseau, “General Purpose Technologies.”
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35.Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, table D765.Wages are deflated using the GDP deflator.Hours per week also fell.The real hourly wage grew 4 percent over this twenty year interval.
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36.Brynjolfsson and McAfee, Second Machine Age.
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37.Rifkin, End of Work, p.3.
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38.Press conference, February 15, 1962, reported in Dunlop, Automation and Technological Change.
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39.Keynes, “Economic Possibilities.”
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40.Marx, Capital, vol.1, ch.15, quoting Andrew Ure in The Philosophy of Manufactures (London: Charles Knight, 1835, p.23).
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41.Vinge, “Coming Technological Singularity.”
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42.Timothy B.Lee, “No, Artificial Intelligence Isn’t Going to Take All of Our Jobs,” The Switch (blog), Washington Post, October 23, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/10/23/no-artificial-intelligence-isnt-going-to-take-all-of-our-jobs/.
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第八章 技术会要求更多的大学文凭吗？
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1.In Joe Klein, “Learning That Works,” Time, May 14, 2012.
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2.OECD, Education at a Glance.
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3.Cappelli, “Schools of Dreams.”
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4.Freeman, Over educated American.
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5.The average college graduate earns 1,500 yuan per month while the average migrant worker earns 1,200 yuan.In one case, a city advertised for college graduates to fill eight positions collecting “night soil” and 1,100 applicants responded.Yasheng Huang et al., “What Is a College Degree Worth in China?,” New York Times, December 2, 2010; Keith Bradsher, “Chinese Graduates Say No Thanks to Factory Jobs,” New York Times, January 24, 2013.
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6.Goldin and Katz, Race between Education and Technology.
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7.Bessen, “Technology and Learning.”
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8.But the benefits to schooling only showed up in those regions where the seed varieties could be grown.See Rosenzweig, “Why Are There Returns to Schooling?” Note that with the weavers, education might have served to select the women who could learn the factory skills more rapidly.The women who made the effort to go to school might have been brighter and more able.
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9.Nelson, Peck, and Kalachek, “Technology, Economic Growth, and Public Policy,” pp..144–145.
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10.Bartel and Lichtenberg, “Comparative Advantage.”
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11.This distinction is frequently misunderstood.For example, the Center on Education and the Workforce at Georgetown University criticizes the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for being too rigid because occupations employ more college grads than the BLS estimates and those workers earn wage premiums.But precisely because college education prepares workers to learn on the job, they can earn higher wages even when the strictly technical requirements of the job do not require a college degree.See Center on Education and the Workforce, “Recovery.”
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