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31.Lenway, Morck, and Yeung, “Rent Seeking.”
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32.ArcelorMittal, “Steel Statistics,” http://www.transfirmingarcelfirmittalusa.com /USASteelIndustry/AmericasSteelIndustryStatistics.aspx.
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33.Moore, “Rise and Fall.”
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34.Lindsey, Griswold, and Lukas, “Steel ‘Crisis.’ ”
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35.Today, the Steel Manufacturers Association, the trade group representing minimills, calls for limits on China’s unfair trade practices.See Steel Manufacturers Association, “Public Policy Statement 2013–2014,” http://www.steelnet.org /docs/public_policy.pdf.
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36.House Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Trade, “Problems of the U.S.Steel Industry,” Serial 98-93, 1984, p.286.
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37.Barringer and Pierce, “Paying the Price.”
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38.Schorsch, “Why Minimills Give the U.S.Huge Advantages in Steel.”
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第十章 采购知识
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1.Generally, economists recognize that private firms in competitive markets tend to underinvest in new technologies.This is because firms typically do not capture all of the value that new technologies bring to society and are thus not willing to invest as much as is socially optimal.This means that society can typically boost economic growth by providing additional incentives that encourage private firms to innovate.
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2.Lerner, Boulevard of Broken Dreams.
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3.Ruttan, Is War Necessary for Economic Growth?
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4.Thomson, “Government and Innovation.”
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5.Olmstead and Rhode, Creating Abundance; David and Wright, “Increasing Returns”; Thomson, “Government and Innovation.”
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6.Gordon, “Who Turned the Mechanical Ideal into Mechanical Reality?”
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7.Smith, “Army Ordnance”; Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production.
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8.Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production.See also Thomson, Structures of Change.
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9.Thomson, Structures of Change, pp..54–59.
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10.Thomson, Structures of Change, p.57.
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11.Thomson, “Government and Innovation.”
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12.West, “Commercializing Open Science.” Andrew Viterbi, the inventor of the algorithm and one of the found ers of Qualcomm, has said that they did not patent the algorithm because “if we had patented, it probably would have slowed down its acceptance, because no one patented in those days.AT&T and IBM patented for commercial reasons, but we were a small government contractor.” (IEEE Global History Network, “Oral History: Andrew Viterbi,” http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Oral-History
:Andrew_Viterbi.)
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13.Mowery and Simcoe, “Is the Internet a U.S.Invention?” The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland.
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14.The military also realized that a packet-switched network (the Internet is packet-switched) was resistant to nuclear attack.
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15.Mowery and Simcoe, “Is the Internet a U.S.Invention?,” p..1371.
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16.Mowery and Simcoe, “Is the Internet a U.S.Invention?,” p..1382.
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