打字猴:1.704427854e+09
1704427854
1704427855 6.Joined by the United States after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
1704427856
1704427857 7.See Robert William Fogel, Enid M.Fogel, Mark Guglielmo, and Nathaniel Grotte, Political Arithmetic:Simon Kuznets and the Empirical Tradition in Economics(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2013).
1704427858
1704427859 8.Jim Lacey, Keep from All Thoughtful Men:How US EconomistsWon World War II(Annapolis:Naval Institute Press,2011),43.
1704427860
1704427861 9.Cited in Mitra-Kahn,“Redefning the Economy.”
1704427862
1704427863 10.Richard Stone, The Role of Measurement in Economics(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1951),43.
1704427864
1704427865 11.Carol S.Carson,“The History of the United States National Income and Product Accounts:The Development of an Analytical Tool,”Review of Income and Wealth 21(1975):153-181.
1704427866
1704427867 12.Lacey, Keep from All Thoughtful Men,47.
1704427868
1704427869 13.Richard Kane,“Measures and Motivations:U.S.National Income and Product Estimates during the Great Depression and World War II,”Munich Working Paper, February 2012,http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/44336/.Accessed 27 March 2013.
1704427870
1704427871 14.J.M.Keynes, How to Pay for the War(frst pub.1940),reprinted in Essays in Persuasion(Basingstoke:Macmillan for the Royal Economic Society,1989).
1704427872
1704427873 15.Quoted in J.Steven Landefeld,“GDP:One of the Great Inventions of the 20th Century,”in Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of CurrentBusiness, January 2000,http://www.bea.gov/scb/account_articles/general/0100od/maintext.htm.
1704427874
1704427875 16.http://www.oecd.org/general/themarshallplanspeechatharvardu niversity5june1947.htm.Accessed 21 January 2013.
1704427876
1704427877 17.Twenty-three billion in 1952 dollars.See Stephen Lewarne and David Snelbecker,“Economic Governance in War Torn Economies:Lessons Learned from the Marshall Plan to the Reconstruction of Iraq,”USAID report, December 2004,http://www.oecd.org/derec/unitedstates/36144028.pdf.Accessed 21 January 2013.
1704427878
1704427879 18.Now part of Global Insight, http://www.ihs.com/products/global-insight/index.aspx?pu=1&rd=globalinsight_com.I worked for DRI’s London office for two years in the late 1980s, as an economic forecaster.
1704427880
1704427881 19.Olivier Blanchard and Daniel Leigh,“Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers,”IMF Working Paper 13/1,January 2013,http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp1301.pdf.Accessed 15 January 2013.See also G.Corsetti,“What Determines Government Spending Multipliers,”IMF Working Paper,2012,http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12150.pdf.Accessed 28 March 2013.
1704427882
1704427883 20.Stone, The Role of Measurement in Economics,9.
1704427884
1704427885 21.Fran Cois is Lequiller and Derek Blades, Understanding National Accounts(Paris:Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,2006).
1704427886
1704427887 22.Good introductions to the detail are J.Steven Landefeld, Eugene P.Seskin, and Barbara M.Fraumeni,“Taking the Pulse of the Economy:Measuring GDP,”Journal of Economic Perspectives 22,no.2(2008):193-216;Carlos M.Gutierrez et al.,“Measuring the Economy:A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts,”Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.Department of Commerce, September 2007,http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipa_primer.pdf;and Lequiller and Blades, Understanding National Accounts.
1704427888
1704427889 23.Landefeld et al.,“Taking the Pulse of the Economy.”
1704427890
1704427891 24.Wikipedia lists the main formulas:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_price_index_formulas.
1704427892
1704427893 25.Xan Rice,“Nigeria Statistics Chief Has Almost Figured Out the Economy,”Financial Times,22 May 2013.
1704427894
1704427895 26.http://paris21.org/nsds-status.Accessed 7 January 2013.
1704427896
1704427897 27.Alwyn Young,“The African Growth Miracle,”LSE Working Paper,2009,http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33928/.
1704427898
1704427899 28.http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcelo-giugale/fix-africasstatistics_b_2324936.html.18 December 2012.Accessed 7 January 2013.See also Morten Jerven,“Poor Numbers!What Do We Know about Income and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa?”School for International Studies, Simon Fraser University, http://www.cgdev.org/doc/17-NOV-CGD-Poor 20Numbers-Jerven.pdf.
1704427900
1704427901 29.Young,“The African Growth Miracle.”
1704427902
1704427903 30.Maddison, The World Economy,79.
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