1704514810
1704514811
[6]Blundell, Griffith, and Van Reenen,“Market Share, Market Value and Innovation”; Stephen Nickell and John Van Reenen,“The United Kingdom,” inTechnological Innovation and Economic Performance, ed. Benn Steil, David G. Victor, and Richard R. Nelson（Princeton: Princeton University Press,2002）.
1704514812
1704514813
[7]See Philippe Aghion, Nick Bloom, Richard Blundell, Rachel Griffith, and Peter Howitt,“Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics120, no. 2（2005）
:701 -728; Philippe Aghion, Rachel Griffith, and Peter Howitt, “Vertical Integration and Competition,”AmericanEconomicReview96, no. 2（2006）
:97 -102; Philippe Aghion, Richard Blundell,Rachel Griffith, Peter Howitt, and Susanne Prantl, “The Effects of Entry on Incumbent Innovation and Productivity,”ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics91, no. 1（2009）
:20 -32. See also Xavier Vives,“Innovation and Competitive Pressure,”Journal of Industrial Economics56, no. 3（2008）
:419 -469.
1704514814
1704514815
[8]这里用劳均产出或全要素生产率来测算生产率。
1704514816
1704514817
[9]Richard R. Nelson and Edmund S. Phelps,“Investment in Humans, Technological Diffusion and Economic Growth,”AmericanEconomicsReview56, no. 1（1966）:69 -75.
1704514818
1704514819
[10]Aghion, Blundell, Griffith, Howitt, and Prantl, “The Effects of Entry on Incumbent Innovation and Productivity.”
1704514820
1704514821
[11]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timothee Gigout, Matthieu Lequien, and Marc Melitz,“Spreading Knowledge across the World: Innovation Spillover through Trade Expansion,” unpublished manuscript, March 2019, https: // scholar. harvard. edu/ files/ aghion/ files/ spreading_knowledge_across_the_world. pdf.
1704514822
1704514823
[12]Aghion, Bloom, Blundell, Griffith, and Howitt,“Competition and Innovation.”
1704514824
1704514825
[13]这意味着在增长模型里，创新会增加产品的类型。See, for example, Paul M. Romer,“Endogenous Technological Change,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy98, no. 5, pt. 2（1990）:71 -102.
1704514826
1704514827
[14]See, for example, Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine,AgainstIntellectualMonopoly（Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008）; Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine,“Perfectly Competitive Innovation,”JournalofMonetaryEconomics55, no. 3（2008）
:435 -453; Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine,“The Caseagainst Patents,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives27, no. 1（2013）
:3 -22.
1704514828
1704514829
[15]Philippe Aghion, Peter Howitt, and Susanne Prantl, “Patent Rights, Product Market Reforms, and Innovation,”JournalofEconomicGrowth20, no. 3（2015）
:223 -262.
1704514830
1704514831
[16]Thomas Philippon,The Great Reversal
:How America Gave Up on Free Markets（Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019）.
1704514832
1704514833
[17]Matilde Bombardini,“Firm Heterogeneity and Lobby Participation,”JournalofInternationalEconomics75, no. 2（2008）
:329 -348; Matilde Bombardini and Francesco Trebbi,“Empirical Models of Lobbying,”AnnualReviewofEconomics12, no. 1（2020）
:391 -413; Marianne Bertrand, Matilde Bombardini, and Francesco Trebbi,“Is It Whom You Know or What You Know? An Empirical Assessment of the Lobbying Process,”AmericanEconomicReview104, no. 12（2014）
:3885 -3920.
1704514834
1704514835
[18]David Autor, David Dorn, Lawrence F. Katz, Christina Patterson, and John Van Reenen,“The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms,”Quarterly Journal of Economics135, no. 2（2020）
:645 -709.
1704514836
1704514837
[19]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart, Peter J. Klenow, and Huiyu Li,“A Theory of Falling Growth and Rising Rents” （NBER Working Paper No. 26448, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, November 2019）.
1704514838
1704514839
[20]See, for instance, Friedrich List,Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie（Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta, 1841）.
1704514840
1704514841
[21]Anne O. Krueger,Political Economy of Policy Reform in Developing Countries（Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993）; Anne O. Krueger,“Policy Lessons from Development Experience since the Second World War,” inHandbookofDevelopmentEconomics, ed. Jere Behrman and T. N. Srinivasan, vol. 3B, 2497 -2550（Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995）.
1704514842
1704514843
[22]See, for example, Daron Acemoglu, Philippe Aghion, and Fabrizio Zilibotti,“Distanceto Frontier, Selection, and Economic Growth,”JournaloftheEuropeanEconomicAssociation4, no. 1（2006）; Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt,“Appropriate Growth Policy: A Unifying Framework”（Joseph Schumpeter Lecture）,Journal of the European Economic Association4, no. 2 -3（2006）
:269 -314.
1704514844
1704514845
[23]Jean-Jacques Laffont and Jean Tirole,A TheoryofIncentivesinProcurementandRegulation（Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993）.
1704514846
1704514847
[24]Philippe Aghion, Antoine Dechezleprêtre, David Hemous, Ralf Martin, and John Van Reenen,“Carbon Taxes, Path Dependency, and Directed Technical Change: Evidence from the Auto Industry,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy124,no. 1（2016）:1 -51.
1704514848
1704514849
[25]Patrick Bolton and Joseph Farrell,“Decentralization, Duplication, and Delay,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy98, no. 4（1990）
:803 -826; Rafael Rob,“Learning and Capacity Expansion under Demand Uncertainty,”ReviewofEconomicStudies58, no. 4（1991）
:655 -675.
1704514850
1704514851
[26]See Pierre Azoulay, Erica Fuchs, Anna Goldstein, and Michael Kearney,“Funding Breakthrough Research: Promises and Challenges of the ‘ ARPA Model,’”Innovation Policy and the Economy19（2019）:69 -96.
1704514852
1704514853
[27]Nathan Nunn and Daniel Trefler,“The Structure of Tariffs and Long-Term Growth,”American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics2, no. 4（2010）
:158 -194.
1704514854
1704514855
[28]Philippe Aghion, Jing Cai, Mathias Dewatripont, Luosha Du, Ann Harrison,and Patrick Legros,“Industrial Policy and Competition,”AmericanEconomicJournal
:Macroeconomics7, no. 4（2015）
:1 -32.
1704514856
1704514857
[29]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart, and Simon Bunel, “Firm Dynamics and Growth Measurement in France,”JournaloftheEuropeanEconomicAssociation16, no. 4（2018）
:933 -956.
1704514858
1704514859
[30]See Philippe Aghion, Thibault Fally, and Stefano Scarpetta,“Credit Constraints as a Barrier to the Entry and Post-Entry Growth of Firms,”EconomicPolicy22,no. 52（2007）
:732 -779; Philippe Aghion, John Van Reenen, and Luigi Zingales,“Innovation and Institutional Ownership,”AmericanEconomicReview103, no. 1（2013）
:277 -304.
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