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[2]Robert Gordon and Joel Mokyr,“Boom vs. Doom: Debating the Future of the US Economy Debate,” presentation at the Chicago Council of Global Affairs, October 31,2016.关于他们观点更完整的陈述，可参见Robert Gordon,TheRiseandFallofAmericanGrowth（Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016）; and Joel Mokyr,“Secular Stagnation? Not in Your Life,” inSecularStagnation: Facts,CausesandCures, ed. C. Teulings and R. Baldwin, 83 -89（London
:CEPR Press, 2014）.
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[3]Alvin Hansen,“Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth” （presidential address）,AmericanEconomicReview29, no. 1（1939）:1 -15.
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[4]Lawrence H. Summers,“Reflections on the New Secular Stagnation Hypothesis,” inSecular Stagnation
:Facts,Causes and Cures, ed. C. Teulings and R. Baldwin,27 -38（London: CEPR Press, 2014）.
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[5]1969年投入市场的超音速协和客机可以大幅缩短航空旅行时间，但只能服务于极少数乘客，并最终于2003年退出运营。
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[6]Salomé Baslandze,“The Role of the IT Revolution in Knowledge Diffusion,Innovation and Reallocation,”2016 Meeting Papers, No. 1509, Society for Economic Dynamics, 2016.
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[7]这一现象被称为“中等收入陷阱”，将在本书第7章详细探讨。
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[8]Ryan Banerjee and Boris Hofmann,“The Rise of Zombie Firms: Causes and Consequences,”BISQuarterlyReview（September 2018）:67 -78, https: //www. bis. org/ publ/ qtrpdf/ r_qt1809g. pdf.
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1704515544
[9]Ricardo J. Caballero, Emmanuel Farhi, and Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas,“Rents,Technical Change, and Risk Premia Accounting for Secular Trends in Interest Rates, Returns on Capital, Earning Yields, and Factor Shares,”AmericanEconomicReview107, no. 5（2017）
:614 -620.
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[10]Nicholas Bloom, Charles I. Jones, John Van Reenen, and Michael Webb,“Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find?”AmericanEconomicReview110, no. 4（2020）
:1104 -1144.
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1704515548
[11]Charles I. Jones,“R&D-Based Models of Economic Growth,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy103, no. 4（1995）
:759 -784.
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1704515550
[12]Ufuk Akcigit and William R. Kerr,“Growth through Heterogeneous Innovations,”Journal of Political Economy126, no. 4（2018）
:1374 -1443.
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1704515552
[13]David Byrne, Stephen Oliner, and Daniel Sichel,“How Fast Are Semiconductor Prices Falling?”ReviewofIncomeandWealth64, no. 3（2018）
:679 -702.
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1704515554
[14]John Sutton,Sunk Costs and Market Structure
:Price Competition
:Advertising,and the Evolution of Concentration（Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991）.
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1704515556
[15]Hal R. Varian,“Intelligent Technology,” in special issue“Smart Technology Takes Flight,”Finance& Development（IMF quarterly report）53, no. 3（2016）:6 -9, https: // www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ fandd/ 2016 /09 / pdf/ fd0916. pdf.
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[16]David M. Byrne, John G. Fernald, and Marshall B. Reinsdorf,“Does the United States Have a Productivity Slowdown or a Measurement Problem?”BrookingsPaperson Economic Activity1（2016）
:109 -182.
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[17]Chad Syverson,“Challenges to Mismeasurement Explanations for the US Productivity Slowdown,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives31, no. 2（2017）
:165 -186.
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[18]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart, Peter J. Klenow, and HuiyuLi, “Missing Growth from Creative Destruction,”AmericanEconomicReview109, no. 8（2019）
:2795 -2822.
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[19]美国等许多国家采用这一方法，但法国等国却较少采用。
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[20]这个例子来自如下论文: Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart,Peter J. Klenow, and Huiyu Li, “Missing Growth from Creative Destruction,”AmericanEconomicReview109, no. 8（2019）
:2795 -2822.
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[21]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart, and Simon Bunel, “Firm Dynamics and Growth Measurement in France,”JournaloftheEuropeanEconomicAssociation16, no. 4（2018）
:933 -956.
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[22]对此问题的另一看法，可参阅Stephen Redding的论文，尤其是Stephen J. Redding and David E. Weinstein,“Measuring Aggregate Price Indexes with Taste Shocks: Theory and Evidence for CES Preferences”（NBER Working Paper No. 22479, National Bureau of Economic Research,Cambridge, MA,2016）.
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1704515572
[23]Thomas Philippon,The Great Reversal
:How America Gave Up on Free Markets（Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019）.
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[24]还有两种同样采用创造性破坏范式的思路值得关注。第一种来自ErnestLiu、Atif Mian和Amir Sufi。他们强调，过去20年利率持续走低提高了成为领先企业的现值，因而提高了企业扩大对其他企业的技术优势的现有收益。于是，利率下跌促使各个产业的领先企业为巩固其地位而更多开展创新，给普通企业的创新造成打击。产业集中度随之提高，总创新和总增长率却可能下降。可参见Ernest Liu, Atif Mian, and Amir Sufi,“Low Interest Rates, Market Power, and Productivity Growth”（NBER Working Paper No. 25505, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, June 2019）.第二种思路来自: Laurent Cavenaile、Murat Alp Celik和Xu Tian。他们强调，生产与创新集中度提高有利于超级明星企业，却伴随着整体研发效率降低。可参见Laurent Cavenaile, Murat Alp Celik, and Xu Tian,“Are Markups Too High? Competition, Strategic Innovation, and Industry Dynamics,”unpublished manuscript, rev. September 8,2020, https: // papers. ssrn. com/sol3 / papers. cfm? abstract_id = 3459775.
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[25]Ufuk Akcigit and Sina T. Ates,“Ten Facts on Declining Business Dynamism and Lessons from Endogenous Growth Theory” （NBER Working Paper No. 25755,National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, April 2019）.
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[26]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart, Peter J. Klenow, and Huiyu Li, “A Theory of Falling Growth and Rising Rents” （NBER Working Paper, No. 26448, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA,November 2019）.
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