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总之，1997—1998年金融危机使财阀企业的影响力受到约束，并重新开放竞争，鼓励之前一直受政府与财阀串谋束缚的其他企业开展创新，从而刺激了韩国的生产率增长。因此，危机带来了生产率增长加速，主要源泉则是非财阀企业的产业进入与创新行动。[24]
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创造性破坏的力量 4.结论
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本章试图解释，为什么某些发展中国家的生活水平得以向先进国家趋近，其他一些则停滞不前。我们揭示了俱乐部趋同现象：某些国家（新兴经济体）采纳的政策和制度有利于技术追赶和模仿，其他一些国家则未能实现起飞。但在启动趋同进程的国家里，某些于中途停步不前，尤其是那些制度调整太慢或完全失败的国家，未能从追赶型经济变身为前沿创新型经济。这背后的原因是既得利益集团和在位企业不仅阻碍新的竞争对手进入，还反对促进竞争乃至帮助国家从模仿驱动型增长转向前沿创新型增长的任何改革。危机爆发以及国际经济竞争有助于迫使各国政府采取适宜的结构改革措施，从而摆脱中等收入陷阱。例如，1997—1998年金融危机削弱了老牌企业，让韩国企业重新迎来开放竞争格局，帮助该国加入了创新国家的俱乐部。
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[1]Philippe Aghion,Repenserlacroissanceéconomique（Paris: Fayard, 2016）.
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[2]Antonin Bergeaud, Gilbert Cette, and Remy Lecat,LeBelAvenirdelacroissanceLeçons du XXème siècle pour le futur（Paris: Editions Odile Jacob, 2018）.
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[3]Lant Pritchett,“Divergence, Big Time,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives11,no. 3（1997）:3 -17.
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[4]Xavier Sala-i-Martin,“The World Distribution of Income: Falling Poverty and. .. Convergence, Period,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics121, no. 2（2006）
:351 -397.
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[5]本书第5章解释过这一指标如何构建。
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[6]Robert M. Solow,“A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics70, no. 1（1956）:65 -94.
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[7]Robert J. Barro and Xavier Sala-i-Martin,EconomicGrowth（New York: Mc GrawHill, 1995）.
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[8]Robert Lucas,“Why Doesn’t Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?”AmericanEconomicReview80, no. 2（1990）:92 -96.
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[9]保罗·罗默研究了1870年以来有数据可查的11个经合组织国家的情况。See Paul M. Romer,“Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy94, no. 5（1986）
:1002 -1037.
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[10]David Coe and Elhanan Helpman,“International R&D Spillovers,”EuropeanEconomicReview39, no. 5（1995）
:859 -887.
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[11]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timothee Gigout, Matthieu Lequien, and Marc Melitz,“Spreading Knowledge Across the World: Innovation Spillover through Trade Expansion,” unpublished manuscript, March 2019, https: //scholar. harvard. edu/ files/ aghion/ files/ spreading_knowledge_across_the_world. pdf.
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[12]Daron Acemoglu, Philippe Aghion, and Fabrizio Zilibotti,“Distance to Frontier,Selection, and Economic Growth,”Journal of the European Economic Association4, no. 1（2006）:37 -74.
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[13]Jerome Vandenbussche, Philippe Aghion, and Costas Meghir,“Growth, Distance to Frontier and Composition of Human Capital,”JournalofEconomicGrowth11,no. 2（2006）:97 -127.
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[14]Philippe Aghion, Matthias Dewatripont, Caroline Hoxby, Andreu Mas-Colell, and André Sapir,“The Governance and Performance of Universities: Evidence from Europe and the US,”EconomicPolicy25, no. 61（2010）:7 -59.
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[15]前沿企业是靠近技术前沿的企业，其生产率接近所在产业的领先水平。
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[16]Fabrizio Zilibotti,“Growing and Slowing Down Like China,”JournaloftheEuropean Economic Association15, no. 5（2017）
:943 -988.
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[17]See Zilibotti,“Growing and Slowing Down Like China.”
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[18]Boubacar Diallo and Wilfried Koch,“Bank Concentration and Schumpeterian Growth: Theory and International Evidence,”ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics100, no. 3（2018）
:489 -501.
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[19]Verluise, Cyril and Antonin Bergeaud（2019）,“The International Diffusion of Technology: a New Approach and Some Facts,” mimeo, College de France, 2019。自动专利图景方法可参阅: Abood, Aron and Dave Feltenberger（2018）,“Automated patent landscaping,”ArtificialIntelligenceandLaw, 26（2）, pp.103 -125。
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[20]Chang T. Hsieh and Pete Klenow,“Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics124, no. 4（2009）
:1403 -1448.
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