1704516698
1704516700
1704516701
[9]关于这一主题一本特别有启发的书是Steven Pinker的The Blank Slate
:TheModern Denial of Human Nature(New York: Viking, 2002).
1704516702
1704516703
[10]Ufuk Akcigit, Jeremy G. Pearce, and Marta Prato,“Tapping into Talent
:Coupling Education and Innovation Policies for Economic Growth”(NBER Working Paper No. 27862, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge,MA, September 2020).
1704516704
1704516705
[11]与芬兰的案例分析一样,这项研究在估计中利用智商测试成绩(但这次是丹麦的数据)来测算个人的初始能力。而Bell et al. (2019)对美国的研究则是采用三年级的数学测试成绩。参见Bell et al. ,“Who Becomes an Inventor in America?”
1704516706
1704516707
[12]Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Ari Hyytinen and Otto Toivanen,“On the Returnsto Invention within Firms: Evidence from Finland,”AEAPapersandProceedings108(2018)
:208 -212.
1704516708
1704516709
[13]企业主的含义是占企业资本份额不低于50%的股东。
1704516710
1704516711
[14]Patrick Kline, Neviana Petkova, Heidi Williams and Owen Zidar,“Who Profits from Patents? Rent-Sharing at Innovative Firms,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics134(2019)
:1343 -1404.
1704516712
1704516713
[15]专利的潜在价值由专利申请中的某些客观特征来判断。
1704516714
1704516715
[16]与前一小节不同,我们在本节中对企业主与创新者的身份不做区分。
1704516716
1704516717
[17]Scott Stern考察了同时收到大学与企业的职位邀请的研究人员的情况,并证明选择在大学工作会有财务损失,参见Scott Stern,“Do Scientists Pay to Be Scientists?”ManagementScience50, no. 6(2004)
:835 -853. See also Jeffrey L. Furman and Scott Stern,“Climbing atop the Shoulders of Giants: The Impact of Institutions on Cumulative Research,”AmericanEconomicReview101,no. 5(2011)
:1933 -1963.
1704516718
1704516719
[18]对研究进程的这一线性描述本身也是高度简化的。在现实中,经常有基础研究的新思想来自靠近市场化的应用研究。
1704516720
1704516721
[19]Philippe Aghion, Mathias Dewatripont, and Jeremy C. Stein,“Academic Freedom, Private-Sector Focus, and the Process of Innovation,”RANDJournalofEconomics39, no. 3(2008)
:617 -635.
1704516722
1704516723
[20]我们对大学作用的分析集中在研究上,而没有涉及教学。对这两种活动的互补性的社会学分析,可参见Pierre-Michel Menger,“Academic Work: A Tale of Essential Tension between Research and Teaching,”SociologiskForsking53, no. 2(2016)
:175 -192.
1704516724
1704516725
[21]私有化可能是避免公共品滥用的好办法。因为利益所系,私人所有者会关心资源的保护。然而,私有化可能导致产权的过分碎片化。如果众多私人利益方共享同一资源的所有权,每一方都可能妨碍其他人对其的利用,正如专利的情形所示。参见Michael A. Heller,“The Tragedy of the Anticommons: Property in the Transition from Marx to Markets,”HarvardLawReview111, no. 3(1998)
:621 -688.
1704516726
1704516727
[22]Fiona Murray, Philippe Aghion, Mathias Dewatripont, Julian Kolev, and Scott Stern,“Of Mice and Academics: Examining the Effect of Openness on Innovation,”American Economic Journal
:Economic Policy8, no. 1(2016)
:212 -252.
1704516728
1704516729
[23]生物学家Mario R. Capecchi、Sir Martin J. Evans和Oliver Smithies获得了2017年诺贝尔医学奖,以表彰“他们发现的利用胚胎干细胞对老鼠做特定基因改造的原理”。
1704516730
1704516731
[24]致癌基因(oncogene)指可以使普通细胞转化为癌细胞的基因。
1704516732
1704516733
[25]论文内容的新奇度由其包含的新的关键字的比例测算。
1704516734
1704516735
[26]Heidi L. Williams,“Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation: Evidence from the Human Genome,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy121, no. 1(2013):1 -27.
1704516736
1704516737
[27]事实上,同一基因可能是多个基因型-表型连接的组成部分,某个基因型-表型连接也可能涉及多个基因。
1704516738
1704516739
[28]Ufuk Akcigit, Douglas Hanley, and Nicolas Serrano-Velarde,“Back to Basics
:Basic Research Spillovers, Innovation Policy and Growth,”ReviewofEconomicStudies(2020), https: // doi. org/ 10.1093 / restud/ rdaa061.
1704516740
1704516741
[29]不过,我们仍可以考虑帮助提高阶段0的创新者的报酬的政策。有关研究可参考Jerry Green and Suzanne Scotchmer,“On the Division of Profit in Sequential Innovation,”RANDJournalofEconomics26, no. 1(1995)
:20 -33.这两位学者认为,连续创新(进程中的每个阶段由不同企业完成)产生的利润应该更公平地在各个阶段之间予以分配。因此,延长阶段0的专利的有效期,可以让承担基础研究成本的企业分得更大比例的利润,最终使基础研究投资提升到更合理的水平。另可参见Suzanne Scotchmer,“Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Cumulative Research and the Patent Law,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives5, no. 1(1991)
:29 -41; Suzanne Scotchmer,“Protecting Early Innovators: Should Second-Generation Products Be Patentable?”RANDJournalofEconomics27, no. 2(1996)
:322 -331.
1704516742
1704516743
[30]这方面的一些初步回答可参见: Philippe Aghion, Mathias Dewatripont,Caroline Hoxby, Andreu Mas-Colell, and André Sapir,“Why Reform Europe’s Universities?” Breugel Policy Brief 4 /2007, Brussels, 2007.
1704516744
1704516745
1704516746
1704516747
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.704516698e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]