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[3]对此问题的不同分析视角，可参阅Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt,“Growth and Unemployment,”ReviewofEconomicStudies61, no. 3（1994）
:477 -494; Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides,“Job Creation and Job Destruction in the Theory of Unemployment,”ReviewofEconomicStudies61,no. 3（1994）
:397 -415; Andreas Hornstein, Per Krusell, and Giovanni L. Violante,“The Replacement Problem in Frictional Economies: A Near Equivalence Result,”Journal of the European Economic Association3, no. 5（2005）
:1007 -1057.
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[4]Aghion and Howitt,“Growth and Unemployment. ”
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[5]参见本书第1章有关参考文献，比如Steven Davis and John Haltiwanger,“Labor Market Fluidity and Economic Performance” （NBER Working Paper No. 20479, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, December 2014）.
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[6]Aghion, Akcigit, Deaton, and Roulet,“Creative Destruction and Subjective Well Being.”
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[7]日期t-1到日期t的工作创造率是指现有机构扩张或新机构创立带来的全部新工作的总数，除以该就业区在日期t-1到日期t的工作岗位平均数。与之类似，工作摧毁率指机构收缩或关闭导致的工作损失的总数，除以该就业区在该时段的工作岗位平均数。
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[8]Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Ari Hyytinen, and Otto Toivanen,“On the Returns to Invention within Firms: Evidence from Finland,”AEAPapersandProceedings108（2018）
:208 -212.
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[9]表11.1来自如下研究的启发: Philippe Aghion, Peter Howitt, and Fabrice Murtin,“The Relationship between Health and Growth: When Lucas Meets Nelson-Phelps”（NBER Working Paper No. 15813, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, March 2010），并更新了1961—2017年的数据。
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[10]A. Deaton,The Great Escape
:Health,Wealth,and the Origins of Inequality（Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013）.
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[11]Anne Case and Angus Deaton,“Mortality and Morbidity in the 21st Century,”Brookings Papers on Economic Activity1（2017）
:397 -476.
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[12]Daniel Sullivan and Till von Wachter,“Job Displacement and Mortality: An Analysis Using Administrative Data,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics124, no. 3（2009）
:1265 -1306.
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[13]Alexandra Roulet,“The Causal Effect of Job Loss on Health: The Danish Miracle,” in “Essays in Labor Economics” （Ph. D. diss. , Harvard University,2017）.
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[14]对任职时间不足12年的管理层员工，不存在离职金。对任职时间为12~17年的，离职金等于1个月的工资。对任职时间超出17年的员工，离职金最多为3个月的工资。
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[15]Andrew E. Clark and Claudia Senik-Leygonie, eds. ,HappinessandEconomicGrowth
:Lessons from Developing Countries（Oxford: Oxford University Press,2014）. See also Cecile Daumas,“La croissance harmonise le bonheur de tous,”interview with Claudia Senik,Libération, October 24,2014.
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[16]See Richard A. Easterlin,“Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence,” inNations and Householdsin Economic Growth, ed. Paul David and Melvin Reder, 89 -125（New York: Academic Press, 1974）. Claudia Senik对这一悖论的解释是，繁荣与标准化的幸福度指数其实密切相关
:福利国家的发展让有形公共品（教育和医疗）与无形公共品（公民权利、政治多元化）变得更为广泛可及。
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[17]See Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen, and Jean Fitoussi, “Report by the Commissionon the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress,”CMEPSP, Paris, 2009.
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[18]Hadley Cantril,PatternofHumanConcerns（New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965）.
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[19]Aghion, Akcigit, Deaton, and Roulet, “Creative Destruction and Subjective Well-Being.”
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[20]关于法国的弹性保障，参见Olivier Blanchard and Jean Tirole,Protectiondel’emploietprocéduresdelicenciement（Paris: La Documentation française, 2003）.
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[21]See“Towards Common Principles of Flexicurity: More and Better Jobs through Flexibility and Security,” Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM（2007）359, Brussels, June 27,2007, https: // eur-lex.europa. eu / legal-content/ EN/ TXT/ ? uri = celex%3A52007DC0359.
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[22]See, for example, Ove K. Pedersen,“Flexicurity, mobication og europæisk beskæftigelsespolitik,” inDansk flexicurity
:Fleksibilitet og sikkerhed på arbejdsmarkedet, ed. Thomas Bredgaard and P. Kongshøj Madsen, 265 -287（Copenhagen: Hans Reitzels Forlag, 2015）.
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创造性破坏的力量 第12章 为创造性破坏融资
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在第2章中，我们谈过巴尔扎克的小说《幻灭》的主人翁、印刷商大卫·赛夏的不幸。赛夏发明了一种更廉价的造纸新工艺，但不得不将发明权出售给库安泰兄弟，以偿还自己的债务。今天的赛夏则可以向银行或风险资本家寻求对其发明的资金支持，一旦他的发明能表现出足够的营利性，后者会愿意代为偿还对库安泰兄弟的债务。[1]
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虽然今天的发明家相比工业化时代初期更容易找到投资，却极少有国家能产生真正的颠覆性创新。支持颠覆性发现与革命性观念的资金来自哪里？导致这些发现与创新的基础研究通常需要花费相当长的时间，此外，途中还密布着荆棘，因为发明是在探索未知的领域。出于如下几方面的原因，最具颠覆性的项目往往是由新加入者推进的。
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