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41 同上书,134。
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42 参见HaLsbury,Laws of England,vol.31,474—475,关于法律立场的概要和所有引语均出自这里。
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43 见152Pari. Deb.,H.C.2622—2663(1992),161 ParL. Deb.,H.C. 2935—2955(1923)。
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44 Vaughan v. Taff Vale Railway Co. 3 H. And N. 743(EX.1858)and 5 H. and N.679(Ex. I860).
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45 Dennis Robertson. Lectures on Economic Principles,Vol.1(London:Staples Press,1957),162.
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46 E.J.Mishan,“The Meaning of Efficiency in Economics,”The Bankers’ Magazine 189(June1960):482.
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47 Pigou,Economics of Welfare,184.
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48 同上书,185—186。
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49 同上书,186,n.1。类似不到位的论述可参见Pigou’s lecture“Some Aspects of the Housing Problems”in B.S. Rowntree and A.C. Pigou,Lectures on Howsmg(Manchester:University Press,1914)。
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50 见Glanville L.Williams,Liability for Animals—An Account of the Development and Present Law of Tortious Liability for Animals,Distress Damage Feasantand the Dutyto Fence,in Great Britain,Northern Ireland and the Common-law Dominions(Cambridge,Eng.:Cambridge University Press,1939)。Part Four,“The Action of Nuisance,in Relation to Liability for Animals,99236—262。以上论著与我们的讨论尤为密切。我不知道在动物责任上,美国有关的普通法与英国的相差多大。在美国的西部各州,英国关于栅栏的普通法并没有得到遵守,部分原因是“相当多的未开垦土地供牛群自由蹓越是符合公共政策的”(Williams op.cit supra 227)。这需要有一个很好的例子说明,不同的环境集合会怎样使关于权利界定的法律规则的改变,在经济上是可欲的。
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51 Coke(vol.3)104b.77Eng. Rep.,216,217.
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52 See Steam v. Prentice Bros.Ltd[1919]1K.B,395,397.
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53 我没有深入研究最近的案例。法院已修改了这一法律立场。
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54 Williams. Liability for Animals,242,258.
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55 Boulston v. HardytCroEliz.,547,548,77 Eng. Rep.216.
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56 Williams. Liability for Animals,243.
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57 Bland v. Yates,58 Sol.J.612(1913一1914).
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58 Williams,Liability for Animals,259.
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59 Pigou,Economics of Welfare,185.
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60 Williams,Liability for Animals,244一247.
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61 Pigou,Economics of Welfare,192.
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62 同上书,174—175。
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63 同上书,177—183。
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64 同上书,175—177。
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65 同上书,192—194,381;A.C.Pigou,A Study in Public Finance ,3rd ed.(London:Macmillan &Co.,1947),94—100.
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