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注释
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1 “Lamplighters Quit; City Dark in Spots,” 1907, New York Times, April 25.
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2 B. Reinitz, 1924, “The Descent of Lamp-Lighting: An Ancient and Honorable Profession Fallen into the Hands of Schoolboys,” New York Times, May 4.
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3 B. Reinitz, 1929, “New York Lights Now Robotized,” New York Times, April 28.
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4 W. D. Nordhaus, 1996, “Do Real-Output and Real-Wage Measures Capture Reality? The History of Lighting Suggests Not,” in The Economics of New Goods, ed. T. F. Bresnahan and R. J. Gordon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 27-70. On the early uses of electric light, see D. E. Nye, 1990, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880–1940 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), chapter 1.
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5 “Lamplighters and Electricity,” 1906, Washington Post, July 1.
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6 J. A. Schumpeter, [1942] 1976, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3d ed. (New York: Harper Torchbooks), 76.
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7 引自R. J. Gordon, 2014, “The Demise of U.S. Economic Growth: Restatement, Rebuttal, and Reflections” （Working Paper 19895, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA）, 23。
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8 D. Comin and M. Mestieri, 2018, “If Technology Has Arrived Everywhere, Why Has Income Diverged?,” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 10 (3): 137-78.
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9 引自 Nye, 1990, Electrifying America, 150。
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10 罗伯特·戈登认为1870—1970年是美国历史上的“特殊世纪”。（2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War [Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press]）
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11 S. Landsberg, 2007, “A Brief History of Economic Time,” Wall Street Journal, June 9.
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12 E. Hobsbawm, 1968, Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day (New York: New Press), chap. 3, Kindle.
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13 霍布斯鲍姆认为1789—1848年是“双革命”年代。（1962, The Age of Revo–lution: Europe 1789–1848 [London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson], preface, Kindle.）这个名词是由法国革命的政治变革与工业革命的技术变革两者结合而成的。
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14 T. Hobbes, 1651, Leviathan, chapter13, https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/hobbes/thomas/h68l/chapter13.html.
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15 A. Deaton, 2013, The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
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16 W. Blake, 1810, “Jerusalem,” https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/54684/jerusalem-and-did-those-feet-in-ancient-time.
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17 关于工业革命期间生活水平的更多信息，参见第五章。
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18 造成生活水平危机的更多原因，参见第五章。
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19 J. Brown, 1832, A Memoir of Robert Blincoe: An Orphan Boy; Sent From the Workhouse of St. Pancras, London at Seven Years of Age, to Endure the Horrors of a Cotton-Mill (London: J. Doherty).
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20 D. S. Landes, 1969, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 7.
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21 前工业时代的反抗案例，参见第一章。关于英国政府开始支持创新者的原因的讨论，参见第三章。
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22 引自E. Brynjolfsson, 2012, Race Against the Machine (MIT lecture), slide 2, http://ilp.mit.edu/images/conferences/2012/IT/Brynjolfsson.pdf。
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23 Bruce Stokes, 2017, “Public Divided on Prospects for Next Generation,” Pew Research Center Spring 2017 Global Attitudes Survey, June 5, http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/05/2-public-divided-on-prospects-for-the-next-generation/.
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24 R. Chetty et al., 2017, “The Fading American Dream: Trends in Absolute Income Mobility Since 1940,” Science 356 (6336): 398-406.
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