打字猴:1.70460244e+09
1704602440  5  P. Mantoux, 1961, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England, trans. M. Vernon (London: Routledge), 189.
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1704602442  6  引自F. Klemm, 1964, A History of Western Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 51。
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1704602444  7  早期的记载表明古代文明没有很多重大的技术进步,参见M. I. Finley, 1965, “Technical Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World,” Economic History Review 18 (1): 29-45;1973, The Ancient Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press) ;H. Hodges, 1970, Technology in the Ancient World (New York: Barnes & Noble) ; D. Lee, 1973, “Science, Philosophy, and Technology in the Greco-Roman World: I,” Greece and Rome 20 (1): 65-78。但最近有学者指出,这些记载低估了古代文明的技术成就,参见K. D. White, 1984, Greek and Roman Technology (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press);J. Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York: Oxford University Press);Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets; K. Harper, 2017, The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)。
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1704602446  8  Finley, 1973, The Ancient Economy.
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1704602448  9  Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 20.
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1704602450  10  Harper, 2017, The Fate of Rome, 1.
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1704602452  11  然而,这些技术中很大一部分都是从巴比伦或古埃及等早期文明中借来的。
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1704602454  12  Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 20.
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1704602456  13  萨莫斯高架渠是此类高架渠中的第一座,它是由希腊工程师梅加拉的尤帕林纳斯于公元前600年建造的。
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1704602458  14  Mokyr, 1992a. The Lever of Riches, 20.
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1704602460  15  R. J. Forbes, 1958, Man: The Maker (New York: Abelard-Schuman), 73.
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1704602462  16  H. Heaton, 1936, Economic History of Europe (New York: Harper and Brothers), 58.
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1704602464  17  K. D. White, 1984, Greek and Roman Technology.
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1704602466  18  Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 27.
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1704602468  19  A. C. Leighton, 1972, Transport and Communication in Early Medieval Europe AD 500-1100 (Newton Abbot: David and Charles Publishers).
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1704602470  20  关于阿基米德对伽利略的工作的重要性,参见Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 83。
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1704602472  21  J. G. Landels, 2000, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley: University of California Press), 201.
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1704602474  22  Price, D. de S., 1975, Science Since Babylon (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 48.
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1704602476  23  B. Gille, 1986, History of Techniques, vol. 2: Techniques and Sciences (New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers). See also Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 194.
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1704602478  24  J. D. Bernal, 1971, Science in History, vol. 1: The Emergence of Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 222.
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1704602480  25  引自D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (New York: Crown Business), 165。
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1704602482  26  关于罗马统治者阻止其他取代型技术的案例,出处同上,164–66。
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1704602484  27  A. P. Usher, 1954, A History of Mechanical Innovations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 101.
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1704602486  28  P. Temin, 2006, “The Economy of the Early Roman Empire,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (1): 133-51, and 2012, The Roman Market Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
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1704602488  29  Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 29.
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