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5 P. Mantoux, 1961, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England, trans. M. Vernon (London: Routledge), 189.
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6 引自F. Klemm, 1964, A History of Western Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 51。
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7 早期的记载表明古代文明没有很多重大的技术进步，参见M. I. Finley, 1965, “Technical Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World,” Economic History Review 18 (1): 29-45；1973, The Ancient Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press) ；H. Hodges, 1970, Technology in the Ancient World (New York: Barnes & Noble) ； D. Lee, 1973, “Science, Philosophy, and Technology in the Greco-Roman World: I,” Greece and Rome 20 (1): 65-78。但最近有学者指出，这些记载低估了古代文明的技术成就，参见K. D. White, 1984, Greek and Roman Technology (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press)；J. Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York: Oxford University Press)；Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets; K. Harper, 2017, The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)。
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8 Finley, 1973, The Ancient Economy.
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9 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 20.
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10 Harper, 2017, The Fate of Rome, 1.
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11 然而，这些技术中很大一部分都是从巴比伦或古埃及等早期文明中借来的。
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12 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 20.
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13 萨莫斯高架渠是此类高架渠中的第一座，它是由希腊工程师梅加拉的尤帕林纳斯于公元前600年建造的。
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14 Mokyr, 1992a. The Lever of Riches, 20.
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15 R. J. Forbes, 1958, Man: The Maker (New York: Abelard-Schuman), 73.
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16 H. Heaton, 1936, Economic History of Europe (New York: Harper and Brothers), 58.
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17 K. D. White, 1984, Greek and Roman Technology.
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18 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 27.
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19 A. C. Leighton, 1972, Transport and Communication in Early Medieval Europe AD 500-1100 (Newton Abbot: David and Charles Publishers).
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20 关于阿基米德对伽利略的工作的重要性，参见Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 83。
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21 J. G. Landels, 2000, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley: University of California Press), 201.
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22 Price, D. de S., 1975, Science Since Babylon (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 48.
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23 B. Gille, 1986, History of Techniques, vol. 2: Techniques and Sciences (New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers). See also Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 194.
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24 J. D. Bernal, 1971, Science in History, vol. 1: The Emergence of Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 222.
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25 引自D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (New York: Crown Business), 165。
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26 关于罗马统治者阻止其他取代型技术的案例，出处同上，164–66。
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27 A. P. Usher, 1954, A History of Mechanical Innovations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 101.
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28 P. Temin, 2006, “The Economy of the Early Roman Empire,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (1): 133-51, and 2012, The Roman Market Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
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29 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 29.
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