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30 出处同上，31。
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31 关于罗马的道路，参见Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 33。
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32 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 31.
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33 Cardwell, 2001. Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 48.
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34 关于三圃制，参见Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 31。
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35 L. White, 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change (New York: Oxford University Press), 43.
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36 虽然有些罗马犁有轮子，但完整的重型犁直到公元6世纪才出现。
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37 L. White, 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change.
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38 出处同上。
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39 把项圈放在马的脖子而不是肩膀上意味着沉重的压力几乎会让马窒息。关于列斐伏尔·德诺埃特与用马技术的进步，参见Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 36-38。
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40 关于用马技术相对于用牛技术的经济性，参见J. Langdon, 1982, “The Economics of Horses and Oxen in Medieval England,” Agricultural History Review 30 (1): 31-40。
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41 参见Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 36-38。
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42 关于《土地调查清册》，参见M. T. Hodgen, 1939, “Domesday Water Mills,” Antiquity 13 (51): 261-79。
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43 Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 49.
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44 L. White, 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change, 89.
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45 关于布尔查德和教宗西莱斯廷三世， 参见E. J. Kealey, 1987, Harvesting the Air: Windmill Pioneers in Twelfth-Century England (Berkeley: University of California Press), 180。
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46 Usher, 1954, A History of Mechanical Innovations, 209.
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47 L. Boerner and B. Severgnini, 2015, “Time for Growth” (Economic History Working Paper 222/2015, London School of Economics and Political Science).
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48 L. Boerner and B. Severgnini, 2016, “The Impact of Public Mechanical Clocks on Economic Growth,” Vox, October 10, https://voxeu.org/article/time-growth.
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49 J. Le Goff, 1982, Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages (Chicago: Univer-sity of Chicago Press).
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50 L. Mumford, 1934, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World), 14.
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51 关于集市和时钟，参见Boerner and Severgnini, 2015, “Time for Growth”。
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52 17世纪后期以来钟表制造业的生产率有了显著的提高，但这个行业规模很小，参见M. Kelly and C. Ó Gráda, 2016, “Adam Smith, Watch Prices, and the Industrial Revolution,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131 (4): 1727-52。
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53 关于书籍的价格，参见J. Van Zanden, 2004, “Common Workmen, Philosophers and the Birth of the European Knowledge Economy” (paper for Global Economic History Network Conference, Leiden, September 16-18)。
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54 Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 55.
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