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15 R. J. Forbes, 1958, Man: The Maker (New York: Abelard-Schuman), 73.
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16 H. Heaton, 1936, Economic History of Europe (New York: Harper and Brothers), 58.
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17 K. D. White, 1984, Greek and Roman Technology.
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18 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 27.
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19 A. C. Leighton, 1972, Transport and Communication in Early Medieval Europe AD 500-1100 (Newton Abbot: David and Charles Publishers).
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20 关于阿基米德对伽利略的工作的重要性，参见Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 83。
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21 J. G. Landels, 2000, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley: University of California Press), 201.
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22 Price, D. de S., 1975, Science Since Babylon (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 48.
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23 B. Gille, 1986, History of Techniques, vol. 2: Techniques and Sciences (New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers). See also Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 194.
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24 J. D. Bernal, 1971, Science in History, vol. 1: The Emergence of Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 222.
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25 引自D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (New York: Crown Business), 165。
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26 关于罗马统治者阻止其他取代型技术的案例，出处同上，164–66。
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27 A. P. Usher, 1954, A History of Mechanical Innovations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 101.
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28 P. Temin, 2006, “The Economy of the Early Roman Empire,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (1): 133-51, and 2012, The Roman Market Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
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29 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 29.
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30 出处同上，31。
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31 关于罗马的道路，参见Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 33。
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32 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 31.
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33 Cardwell, 2001. Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 48.
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34 关于三圃制，参见Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 31。
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35 L. White, 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change (New York: Oxford University Press), 43.
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36 虽然有些罗马犁有轮子，但完整的重型犁直到公元6世纪才出现。
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37 L. White, 1962, Medieval Technology and Social Change.
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38 出处同上。
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39 把项圈放在马的脖子而不是肩膀上意味着沉重的压力几乎会让马窒息。关于列斐伏尔·德诺埃特与用马技术的进步，参见Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 36-38。
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