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47 L. Boerner and B. Severgnini, 2015, “Time for Growth” (Economic History Working Paper 222/2015, London School of Economics and Political Science).
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48 L. Boerner and B. Severgnini, 2016, “The Impact of Public Mechanical Clocks on Economic Growth,” Vox, October 10, https://voxeu.org/article/time-growth.
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49 J. Le Goff, 1982, Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages (Chicago: Univer-sity of Chicago Press).
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50 L. Mumford, 1934, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World), 14.
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51 关于集市和时钟，参见Boerner and Severgnini, 2015, “Time for Growth”。
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52 17世纪后期以来钟表制造业的生产率有了显著的提高，但这个行业规模很小，参见M. Kelly and C. Ó Gráda, 2016, “Adam Smith, Watch Prices, and the Industrial Revolution,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131 (4): 1727-52。
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53 关于书籍的价格，参见J. Van Zanden, 2004, “Common Workmen, Philosophers and the Birth of the European Knowledge Economy” (paper for Global Economic History Network Conference, Leiden, September 16-18)。
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54 Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 55.
1704602539
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55 关于出版的书籍数量，出处同上，49。
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56 G. Clark, 2001. “The Secret History of the Industrial Revolution” (Working paper, University of California, Davis), 60.
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57 J. E. Dittmar, 2011, “Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of the Printing Press,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (3): 1133-72.
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58 引自F. J. Swetz, 1987, Capitalism and Arithmetic: The New Math of the 15th Century (La Salle, IL: Open Court), 20。
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59 Dittmar, 2011, “Information Technology and Economic Change,” 1140.
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60 引自W. Endrei and W. v. Stromer, 1974, “Textiltechnische und hydraulische Erfindungen und ihre Innovatoren in Mitteleuropa im 14./15. Jahrhundert,” Technikgeschichte 41
:90。也参见 S. Ogilvie, 2019, The European Guilds: An Economic Analysis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 390。
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61 S. Füssel, 2005, Gutenberg and the Impact of Printing (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate).
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62 U. Neddermeyer, 1997, “Why Were There No Riots of the Scribes?,” Gazette du Livre Médiéval 31 (1): 1-8.
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63 出处同上，7。
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64 出处同上，8。
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65 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 57.
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66 引自B. Gille, 1969, “The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries in the Western World,” in A History of Technology and Invention: Progress through the Ages, ed. M. Daumas and trans. E. B. Hennessy (New York: Crown), 2
:135-36。
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67 关于阿格里科拉、宗卡和德雷贝尔，参见Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, chapter 4。
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68 出处同上，58。
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69 关于蒸汽引擎，参见R. C. Allen, 2009a, The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), chapter 7。
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70 F. Reuleaux, 1876, Kinematics of Machinery: Outlines of a Theory of Machines, trans. A.B.W. Kennedy (London: Macmillan), 9.
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71 关于伽利略的力学理论，参见 D. Cardwell, 1972, Turning Points in Western Technology: A Study of Technology, Science and History (New York: Science History Publications)。
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