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72 关于机器制造者，参见Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 44。
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73 在地下运输方面，人们引进了由马牵引的踏车。
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74 关于采矿业、新畜牧业以及播种机的进展，参见Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, chapter 4。
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75 起毛机取代工人带来的影响，参见A. Randall, 1991, Before the Luddites: Custom, Community and Machinery in the English Woollen Industry, 1776-1809 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 120。
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76 引自Acemoglu and Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail, 176。
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77 更多关于反抗取代技术的案例，参见L. A. White, 2016, Modern Capitalist Culture (New York: Routledge), 77。
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78 更多关于莱顿城暴乱的信息，参见R. Patterson, 1957, “Spinning and Weaving,” in A History of Technology, vol. 3, From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, c.1500–c.1750, ed. C. Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, and T. I. Williams (New York: Oxford University Press), 167。
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79 Acemoglu and Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail, 197.
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80 I. A. Gadd and P. Wallis, 2002, Guilds, Society, and Economy in London 1450–1800 (London: Centre for Metropolitan History).
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81 S. Ogilvie, 2019, The European Guilds, 5.
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82 K. Desmet, A. Greif, and S. Parente, 2018, “Spatial Competition, Innovation and Institutions: The Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence” (Working Paper. 24727, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA); J. Mokyr, 1998, “The Political Economy of Technological Change,” in Technological Revolutions in Europe: Historical Perspectives, ed. K. Bruland and M. Berg (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar), 39-64.
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83 S. R. Epstein, 1998, “Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe,” Journal of Economic History 58 (3): 684-713.
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84 出处同上，696。
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85 Ogilvie, 2019, The European Guilds, 415.
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86 出处同上，410。
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87 C. Dent, 2006, “Patent Policy in Early Modern England: Jobs, Trade and Regulation,” Legal History 10 (1): 79-80.
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88 特别是三十年战争，它给政府带来了压力，要求政府不断发展军队现代化。
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89 Q. Wright, 1942, A Study of War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 1
:215.
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90 C. Tilly, 1975, The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 42.
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91 N. Ferguson, 2012, Civilization: The West and the Rest (New York: Penguin), 37.
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92 N. Rosenberg and L. E. Birdzell, 1986, How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Western World (London: Basic), 138.
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93 关于工具时代，参见Mokyr, 1992, The Lever of Riches, chapter 4。
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94 Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 107.
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