打字猴:1.70460289e+09
1704602890  16  J. Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy: Britain and the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1850 (London: Penguin), Kindle.
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1704602892  17  M. Weber, 1927, General Economic History (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books).
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1704602894  18  B. Russell, 1946, History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (New York: Simon & Schuster), 110.
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1704602896  19  Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 196.
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1704602898  20  L. White, 1967, “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis,” Science 155 (3767): 1205.
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1704602900  21  Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 203.
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1704602902  22  Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy, introduction.
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1704602904  23  参见D. C. North and B. R. Weingast, 1989, “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England,” Journal of Economic History 49 (4): 803-32;D. C. North, 1991, “Institutions,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1): 97-112。
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1704602906  24  D. Acemoglu, S. Johnson, and J. Robinson, 2005, “The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth,” American Economic Review 95 (3): 546-79.
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1704602908  25  关于商业伙伴关系和防止王室垄断,参见R. Davis, 1973, English Overseas Trade 1500–1700 (London: Macmillan), 41;R. Cameron, 1993, A Concise Economic History of the World from Paleolithic Times to the Present, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press), 127;Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 2005, “The Rise of Europe,” 568。
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1704602910  26  参见 W. C. Scoville, 1960, The Persecution of Huguenots and French Economic Development, 1680–1720 (Berkeley: University of California Press) 。
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1704602912  27  当然不止英国和荷兰共和国有议会。从12世纪的西班牙开始,议会制度逐渐扩散到西欧。中世纪的议会是代表不同社会群体的独立机构,包括三个阶层的成员(贵族、神职人员,在某些情况下还有农民),并通过征税和在立法过程中发挥积极作用来监督王室。然而在中世纪晚期,在议会刚开始兴起并获得成功之后,君主们经常拒绝召开议会,并寻找各种方法来限制议会的权力。
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1704602914  28  J. L. Van Zanden, E. Buringh, and M. Bosker, 2012, “The Rise and Decline of European Parliaments, 1188-1789,” Economic History Review 65 (3): 835-61.
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1704602916  29  Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 2005, “The Rise of Europe,” 546-79.
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1704602918  30  关于《权利法案》,参见G. W. Cox, 2012, “Was the Glorious Revolution a Constitutional Watershed?,” Journal of Economic History 72 (3): 567-600。
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1704602920  31  关于辉格党联盟,参见D. Stasavage, 2003, Public Debt and the Birth of the Democratic State: France and Great Britain 1688–1789 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)。
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1704602922  32  Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 243.
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1704602924  33  关于财富多样性,参见 D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2006, “Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective,” American Political Science Review 100 (1): 115-31。
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1704602926  34  关于政治精英如何因害怕政治更替而阻碍技术进步的详细描述,出处同上。
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1704602928  35  引自Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy, chap. 3。
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1704602930  36  出处同上。
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1704602932  37  引自P. Mantoux, 1961, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England, trans. M. Vernon (London: Routledge), 135。
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1704602934  38  出处同上,134。
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1704602936  39  出处同上,30—31。
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1704602938  40  引自D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (New York: Crown Business), 219。
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