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25 关于商业伙伴关系和防止王室垄断，参见R. Davis, 1973, English Overseas Trade 1500–1700 (London: Macmillan), 41；R. Cameron, 1993, A Concise Economic History of the World from Paleolithic Times to the Present, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press), 127；Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 2005, “The Rise of Europe,” 568。
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26 参见 W. C. Scoville, 1960, The Persecution of Huguenots and French Economic Development, 1680–1720 (Berkeley: University of California Press) 。
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27 当然不止英国和荷兰共和国有议会。从12世纪的西班牙开始，议会制度逐渐扩散到西欧。中世纪的议会是代表不同社会群体的独立机构，包括三个阶层的成员（贵族、神职人员，在某些情况下还有农民），并通过征税和在立法过程中发挥积极作用来监督王室。然而在中世纪晚期，在议会刚开始兴起并获得成功之后，君主们经常拒绝召开议会，并寻找各种方法来限制议会的权力。
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28 J. L. Van Zanden, E. Buringh, and M. Bosker, 2012, “The Rise and Decline of European Parliaments, 1188-1789,” Economic History Review 65 (3): 835-61.
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29 Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, 2005, “The Rise of Europe,” 546-79.
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30 关于《权利法案》，参见G. W. Cox, 2012, “Was the Glorious Revolution a Constitutional Watershed?,” Journal of Economic History 72 (3): 567-600。
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31 关于辉格党联盟，参见D. Stasavage, 2003, Public Debt and the Birth of the Democratic State: France and Great Britain 1688–1789 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)。
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32 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 243.
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33 关于财富多样性，参见 D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2006, “Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective,” American Political Science Review 100 (1): 115-31。
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34 关于政治精英如何因害怕政治更替而阻碍技术进步的详细描述，出处同上。
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35 引自Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy, chap. 3。
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36 出处同上。
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37 引自P. Mantoux, 1961, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England, trans. M. Vernon (London: Routledge), 135。
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38 出处同上，134。
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39 出处同上，30—31。
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40 引自D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (New York: Crown Business), 219。
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41 出处同上，221。
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42 “Machinery Causes a Riot,” 1895, New York Times, November 25.
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43 Acemoglu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, 197.
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44 A. Randall, 1991, Before the Luddites: Custom, Community and Machinery in the English Woollen Industry, 1776-1809 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
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45 按照Francis Aiden Hibbert的归类，新的行业不在《技工学徒期条例》（Apprenticeship Act of the Statute of Artificers）的规定范围内，这说明它们的存在削弱了行会的影响力。（1891, The Influence and Development of English Guilds [New York: Sentry], 129）
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46 K. Desmet, A. Greif, and S. Parente, 2018, “Spatial Competition, Innovation and Institutions: The Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence” (Working Paper 24727, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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47 C. MacLeod, 1998. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 160.
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48 H. B. Morse, 1909, The Guilds of China (London: Longmans, Green and Co.), 1.
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49 引自Desmet, Greif, and Parente, “Spatial Competition, Innovation and Institutions,” 37-38。
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