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16 关于环境与贫穷的观点，参见J. Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy: Britain and the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1850 (London: Penguin), chapter 10, Kindle。
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17 参见J. G. Williamson, 2002, Coping with City Growth during the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 。
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18 S. Szreter and G. Mooney, 1998, “Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities,” Economic History Review 51 (1): 84-112.
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19 J. Komlos and B. A’Hearn, 2017, “Hidden Negative Aspects of Industrialization at the Onset of Modern Economic Growth in the US,” Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 41 (June): 43.
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20 F. M. Eden, 1797, The State of the Poor; or, An History of the Labouring Classes in England (London: B. and J. White), 3
:848.
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21 D. Ricardo, [1817] 1911, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Repr., London: Dent).
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22 例如，让—巴蒂斯特·赛（Jean-Baptiste Say）就认为省力技术减少了成本，进而降低了价格，让需求增加了。这意味着被取代的工人重回工作岗位只是时间问题。尽管后来李嘉图重新评估了他提出的模型，但他和马尔萨斯、恩格斯一样，仍不相信工业化在长期能提高实际工资。
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23 E. C. Gaskell, 1884, Mary Barton (London: Chapman and Hall), 104.
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24 参见K. Marx, [1867] 1999, Das Kapital, trans. S. Moore and E. Aveling (New York: Gateway), chapter 15, section 4, Kindle; C. Dickens, [1854] 2017, Hard Times (Amazon Classics), chapter 5, Kindle。
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25 凯—沙特尔沃斯认为，“引擎运转的时候，人们必须工作。男人、女人以及儿童被钢铁和蒸汽束缚着……操作员们必须坚持不懈地劳动，要和机械动力那数学般精确的精度、不间断的运转以及不知疲倦做斗争”。（1832, The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester,Manchester: Harrisons & Crosfield）
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26 关于工厂以及对工厂的不满，参见P. Gaskell, 1833, The Manufacturing Population of England, Its Moral, Social, and Physical Conditions (London: Baldwin and Cradock), 16。
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27 Landes, 1969, The Unbound Prometheus, 2.
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28 P. Gaskell, 1833, The Manufacturing Population of England, 12 and 341.
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29 Marx, [1867] 1999, Das Kapital, chapter 15, section 5.
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30 C. Babbage, 1832, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (London: Charles Knight), 266-67.
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31 A. Ure, 1835, The Philosophy of Manufactures (London: Charles Knight), 220.
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32 E. Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson), 452.
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33 出处同上，460。
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34 出处同上，435。
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35 J. Humphries and B. Schneider, forthcoming, “Spinning the Industrial Revolution,” Economic History Review.
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36 J. Humphries, 2010, Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 342.
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37 R. C. Allen, forthcoming, “The Hand-Loom Weaver and the Power Loom: A Schumpeterian Perspective,” European Review of Economic History.
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38 Humphries, 2010, Childhood and Child Labour.
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39 Allen, forthcoming, “The Hand-Loom Weaver and the Power Loom”.
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40 D. Bythell, 1969, The Handloom Weavers: A Study in the English Cotton Industry during the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 139.
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