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66 Horn, 2008, The Path Not Taken, chapter 4.
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67 关于被捣毁的机器，参见B. Caprettini and H. Voth, 2017, “Rage against the Machines: Labour-Saving Technology and Unrest in England, 1830-32” (working paper, University of Zurich) 。
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68 E. Hobsbawm and G. Rudé, 2014, Captain Swing (New York: Verso), 265-79.
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69 Caprettini and Voth, 2017, “Rage against the Machines.”
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70 D. Acemoglu and P Restrepo, 2018a, “Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work” (Working Paper 24196, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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71 Allen, 2009b, “Engels’ Pause.”
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72 E. S. Phelps, 2015, Mass Flourishing: How Grassroots Innovation Created Jobs, Challenge, and Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 47.
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73 出处同上， 46。
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74 O. Galor, 2011, “Inequality, Human Capital Formation, and the Process of Development,” in Handbook of the Economics of Education, ed. Hanushek, E.A., Machin, S.J. and Woessmann, L. Amsterdam: Elsevier), 4
:441-93.
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75 关于人力资本的趋势的概述，参见Wallis, 2014, “Labour Markets and Training,” 203。
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76 M. Sanderson, 1995, Education, Economic Change and Society in England 1780–1870 (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press); D. F. Mitch, 1992, The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England: The Influence of Private Choice and Public Policy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press).
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77 N. F. Crafts, 1985, British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 73.
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78 Landes, 1969, The Unbound Prometheus, 340。戴维·米奇（David Mitch）也认为工业革命早期的工作岗位不需要工人受过很多教育，甚至不需要他们识字。（1992, The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England）但19世纪晚期的工作公告表明，“识字”变得越来越必要。（D. F. Mitch, 1993, “The Role of Human Capital in the First Industrial Revolution,” in The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective, ed. J. Mokyr [Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 241-80.]）
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79 Tuttle, 1999, Hard at Work in Factories and Mines, 96 and 142; Wallis, 2014, “Labour Markets and Training,” 193.
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80 C. Goldin and K. Sokoloff, 1982, “Women, Children, and Industrialization in the Early Republic: Evidence from the Manufacturing Censuses,” Journal of Economic History 42 (4): 741-74.
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81 L. F. Katz and R. A. Margo, 2013, “Technical Change and the Relative Demand for Skilled Labor: The United States in Historical Perspective” (Working Paper 18752, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA), 3.
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82 P. Gaskell, 1833, The Manufacturing Population of England, 182.
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83 参见G. Clark, 2005, “The Condition of the Working Class in England”。
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84 但技能溢价本身并不一定意味着对技能的需求，因为它也取决于供给：只有当人力资本的需求增长速度超过供给时，技能溢价才会出现。而在整个世纪技能的供应都在增加。
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85 G. Clark, 2005. “The Condition of the Working Class in England.”
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86 J. Bessen, 2015, Learning by Doing: The Real Connection between Innovation, Wages, and Wealth (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), chapter 6.
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87 Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy, chapter 15.
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88 参见D. H. Aldcroft and M. J. Oliver, 2000, Trade Unions and the Economy: 1870–2000, (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing) 。
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