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50 G. Norcliffe, 2001, The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
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51 M. Twain, 1835, “Taming the Bicycle,” The University of Adelaide Library, last updated March 27, 2016, https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/twain/mark/what_is_man/chapter15.html.
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52 R. H. Merriam, 1905, “Bicycles and Tricycles,” in Census of Manufactures, 1905 (Washington, DC: United States Bureau of the Census), 289.
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53 比如戴姆勒就曾把小型气冷马达安装在自行车上。
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54 引自Hounshell, 1985, From the American System to Mass Production, 214。
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55 Martin, 1905, “Electrical Machinery, Apparatus, and Supplies,” 20.
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56 引自Hounshell, 1985, From the American System to Mass Production, 214。
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57 K. Kaitz, 1998, “American Roads, Roadside America,” Geographical Review 88 (3): 372.
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58 关于美国的汽车和基础设施，参见Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 156-59。
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59 出处同上，167。
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60 用拉尔夫·爱泼斯坦的话来说，“人们有时说汽车造就了良好的道路，有时又说良好的道路建设促进了汽车业的巨大发展，这两种说法其实都是对的。和经济问题一样，因果关系不断交互产生作用”。（1928, The Automobile Industry [Chicago: Shaw], 17）
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61 J. J. Flink, 1988, The Automobile Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 33.
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62 关于经济学和T型车的推广，参见Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 165。
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63 Epstein, 1928, The Automobile Industry, 16.
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64 韦恩·拉斯穆森写道：“总的来说蒸汽机最适合用于谷物脱粒，它的发动机太笨重了，不适合其他大多数农业工作。农用蒸汽机的生产高峰出现在1913年，当时生产了一万台。”（1982, “The Mechanization of Agriculture,” Scientific American 247 [3]: 82）
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65 关于拖拉机的推广，参见R. E. Manuelli and A. Seshadri, 2014, “Frictionless Technology Diffusion: The Case of Tractors,” American Economic Review 104 (4): 1368-91。
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66 W. J. White, 2001, “An Unsung Hero: The Farm Tractor’s Contribution to Twentieth-Century United States Economic Growth” (PhD diss., Ohio State University).
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67 公路公共运输公司把大部分牛奶运输到70英里之外的城市，这对于农民来说是最重要的变化之一。（参见 International Chamber of Commerce, 1925, “Report of the American Committee on Highway Transport, June, 1925” [Washington, D.C.: American Section, International Chamber of Commerce], 5。）
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68 关于农场经营半径的扩大，参见H. R. Tolley and L. M. Church, 1921, “Corn-Belt Farmers’ Experience with Motor Trucks,” United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 931, February 25。
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69 Field, 2011, A Great Leap Forward, table 2.5 and table 2.6.
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70 有一种观点认为，第二次世界大战期间的军事研究和发展带来了巨大的积极影响，在随后的几十年里推动着美国的生产率发展。这一观点仍存在争议，与技术进步指标提供的证据不符。直到20世纪50年代末，介绍新技术的书籍数量才开始超过1941年的水平。（M. Alexopoulos and J. Cohen, 2011, “Volumes of Evidence: Examining Technical Change in the Last Century through a New Lens,” Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’économique44 [2]: 413-50.）1941年12月珍珠港遇袭，军事建设开始受到更多关注，更多生产资源被分配给美国的战争机器，创新也就随之放缓了。
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71 对20世纪早期卡车和其他运输技术的进展的概述，参见W. Owen, 1962, “Transportation and Technology,” American Economic Review 52 (2): 405-13。
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72 引自R. F. Weingroff, 2005, Designating the Urban Interstates, Federal Highway Administration Highway History, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/fairbank.cfm。
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73 M. I. Nadiri and T. P. Mamuneas, 1994, “Infrastructure and Public R&D Investments, and the Growth of Factor Productivity in U.S. Manufacturing Industries” (Working Paper 4845, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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74 D. M. Bernhofen, Z. El-Sahli, and R. Kneller, 2016, “Estimating the Effects of the Container Revolution on World Trade,” Journal of International Economics 98: 36-50.
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