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6 D. H. Autor and D. Dorn, 2013, “The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market,” American Economic Review 103 (5): 1553–97; M. Goos, A. Manning, and A. Salomons, 2014, “Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring,” American Economic Review 104 (8): 2509–26, and 2009, “Job Polarization in Europe,” American Economic Review 99 (2): 58–63; M. A. Goos and A. Manning, 2007, “Lousy and Lovely Jobs: The Rising Polarization of Work in Britain,” Review of Economics and Statistics 89 (1): 118–33.
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7 Levy and Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor, 3.
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8 W. D. Nordhaus, 2007, “Two Centuries of Productivity Growth in Computing,” Journal of Economic History 67 (1): 128–59.
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9 J. S. Tompkins, 1958, “Cost of Automation Discourages Stores,” New York Times, January 26.
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10 1971年第一个微处理器的发明为1981年IBM个人电脑的出现铺平了道路。诺德豪斯通过计算认为，计算机问世以后计算成本实现了最大幅度的下降。
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11 O. Friedrich, 1983, “The Computer Moves In (Machine of the Year),” Time, January 3, 15.
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12 K. Flamm, 1988, “The Changing Pattern of Industrial Robot Use,” in The Impact of Technological Change on Employment and Economic Growth, ed. R. M. Cyert and D. C. Mowery (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company), tables 7–1 and 7–6.
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13 E. B. Jakubauskas, 1960, “Adjustment to an Automatic Airline Reservation System,” in Impact of Automation: A Collection of 20 Articles about Technological Change, from the Monthly Labor Review (Washington: Bureau of Labor Statistics), 94.
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14 出处同上。
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15 引自Levy and Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor, 4。
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16 出处同上。
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17 D. H. Autor, 2015, “Polanyi’s Paradox and the Shape of Employment Growth,” in Reevaluating Labor Market Dynamics (Kansas City: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City), 129–177.
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18 M. Polanyi, 1966, The Tacit Dimension (New York: Doubleday), 4.
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19 迈克尔·克雷默（Michael Kremer）的O环理论（O-ring production function）认为，在某个事物的生产过程中，一项任务的改进会导致其他任务价值的增长。（1993, “The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 [3]: 551–75）
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20 Levy and Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor, 13–14.
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21 R. Reich, 1991, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for Twenty-First Century Capitalism (New York: Knopf).
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22 E. L. Glaeser, 2013, review of The New Geography of Jobs, by Enrico Moretti, Journal of Economic Literature 51 (3): 827.
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23 H. Moravec, 1988, Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 15.
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24 1980—2005年，服务行业的工时占比增长了30%。相比之下在20世纪80年代计算机革命前的30年里，这一比例保持不变或下降了。（D. H. Autor and Dorn, 2013, “The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market”）
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25 Levy and Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor, 3. See also D. H. Autor, F. Levy, and R. J. Murnane, 2003, “The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (4): 1279–333.
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26 A. J. Cherlin, 2014, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation), 128.
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27 出处同上。
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28 道格拉斯·马西用教育来定义社会阶层，他认为在日益以知识为基础的经济中，教育是最重要的资源。（2007, Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System [New York: Russell Sage Foundation]）安德鲁·切尔林也把教育作为评判80后社会阶层的最佳指标。（2014, Labor’s Love Lost）此外，罗伯特·普特南也有类似的评价。（2016, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis [New York: Simon & Schuster]）
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29 G. M. Cortes, N. Jaimovich, C. J. Nekarda, and H. E. Siu, 2014, “The Micro and Macro of Disappearing Routine Jobs: A Flows Approach” (Working Paper 20307, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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30 D. D. Buss, 1985, “On the Factory Floor, Technology Brings Challenge for Some, Drudgery for Others,” Wall Street Journal, September 16.
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