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16 出处同上。
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17 D. H. Autor, 2015, “Polanyi’s Paradox and the Shape of Employment Growth,” in Reevaluating Labor Market Dynamics (Kansas City: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City), 129–177.
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18 M. Polanyi, 1966, The Tacit Dimension (New York: Doubleday), 4.
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19 迈克尔·克雷默（Michael Kremer）的O环理论（O-ring production function）认为，在某个事物的生产过程中，一项任务的改进会导致其他任务价值的增长。（1993, “The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 [3]: 551–75）
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20 Levy and Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor, 13–14.
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21 R. Reich, 1991, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for Twenty-First Century Capitalism (New York: Knopf).
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22 E. L. Glaeser, 2013, review of The New Geography of Jobs, by Enrico Moretti, Journal of Economic Literature 51 (3): 827.
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23 H. Moravec, 1988, Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 15.
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24 1980—2005年，服务行业的工时占比增长了30%。相比之下在20世纪80年代计算机革命前的30年里，这一比例保持不变或下降了。（D. H. Autor and Dorn, 2013, “The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market”）
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25 Levy and Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor, 3. See also D. H. Autor, F. Levy, and R. J. Murnane, 2003, “The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (4): 1279–333.
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26 A. J. Cherlin, 2014, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation), 128.
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27 出处同上。
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28 道格拉斯·马西用教育来定义社会阶层，他认为在日益以知识为基础的经济中，教育是最重要的资源。（2007, Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System [New York: Russell Sage Foundation]）安德鲁·切尔林也把教育作为评判80后社会阶层的最佳指标。（2014, Labor’s Love Lost）此外，罗伯特·普特南也有类似的评价。（2016, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis [New York: Simon & Schuster]）
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29 G. M. Cortes, N. Jaimovich, C. J. Nekarda, and H. E. Siu, 2014, “The Micro and Macro of Disappearing Routine Jobs: A Flows Approach” (Working Paper 20307, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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30 D. D. Buss, 1985, “On the Factory Floor, Technology Brings Challenge for Some, Drudgery for Others,” Wall Street Journal, September 16.
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31 G. M. Cortes, N. Jaimovich, and H. E. Siu, 2017, “Disappearing Routine Jobs: Who, How, and Why?,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 91
:69–87.
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32 K. G. Abraham and M. S. Kearney, 2018, “Explaining the Decline in the US Employment- to- Population Ratio: A Review of the Evidence” (Working Paper 24333, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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33 G. M. Cortes, N. Jaimovich, and H. E. Siu, 2018, “The ‘End of Men’ and Rise of Women in the High-Skilled Labor Market” (Working Paper 24274, National Bureau of Economic Research., Cambridge, MA).
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34 B. A. Weinberg, 2000, “Computer Use and the Demand for Female Workers,” ILR Review 53 (2): 290–308.
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35 D. Acemoglu and P. Restrepo, 2018c, “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets” (Working paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA)。经济学家发现机器人在英国的劳动力市场发挥了类似的作用。（A. Prashar, 2018, “Evaluating the Impact of Automation on Labour Markets in England and Wales” [working paper, Oxford University]）在德国，每增加一个机器人就会导致两份制造业工作的流失，但这些都被其他领域工作岗位的增长所抵消了。（W. Dauth, S. Findeisen, J. Südekum, and N. Woessner, 2017, “German Robots: The Impact of Industrial Robots on Workers” [Discussion Paper DP12306, Center for Economic and Policy Research, London]）这种情况并不令人惊讶。正如作者们所言，技术变革不可避免地会对不同国家的劳动力市场造成不同的影响。德国工会的相对实力可能在一定程度上解释了这些差异。工业世界的普遍模式似乎是机器人并没有显著减少总就业人数，只是降低了低技能工人的就业份额。换句话说，自动化出现以后未受过大学教育的工人们的就业机会枯竭了。（G. Graetz and G. Michaels, forthcoming, “Robots at Work,” Review of Economics and Statistics）
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36 D. H. Autor and A. Salomons, forthcoming, “Is Automation Labor-Displacing? Productivity Growth, Employment, and the Labor Share,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.
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37 J. Bivens, E. Gould, E. Mishel, and H. Shierholz, 2014, “Raising America’s Pay” (Briefing Paper 378, Economic Policy Institute, New York), figure A.
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38 参见 M. W. Elsby, B. Hobijn, and A. Şahin, 2013, “The Decline of the US Labor Share,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2013 (2): 1–63。
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39 L. Karabarbounis and B. Neiman, 2013, “The Global Decline of the Labor Share,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (1): 61–103.
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40 M. C. Dao, M. M. Das, Z. Koczan, and W. Lian, 2017, “Why Is Labor Receiving a Smaller Share of Global Income? Theory and Empirical Evidence” (Working Paper No. 17/169, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC), 11.
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