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19 关于技术和贸易造成死亡率上升的可能，参见A. Case and A. Deaton, 2017, “Mortality and Morbidity in the 21st Century,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1: 397。但是凯斯和迪顿记录的死亡率之谜仍只是美国的现象。正如他们所指出的那样，贸易和技术也已经对其他地方的劳动力市场带来了负面影响，但在其他地区（比如欧洲），死亡率仍在全面下降。如果自动化和全球化是最近死亡率上升背后的原因，那么大西洋彼岸的组织机构在缓和自动化与全球化的负面影响方面肯定做得更好。
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20 关于失业和福利，参见R. D. Tella, R. J. MacCulloch, and A. J. Oswald, 2003, “The Macroeconomics of Happiness,” Review of Economics and Statistics 85 (4): 809–27。
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21 A. E. Clark, E. Diener, Y. Georgellis, and R. E. Lucas, 2008, “Lags and Leads in Life Satisfaction: A Test of the Baseline Hypothesis,” Economic Journal 118 (529): 222–43.
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22 A. E. Clark and A. J. Oswald, 1994, “Unhappiness and Unemployment,” Economic Journal 104 (424): 655.
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23 D. S. Massey, J. Rothwell, and T. Domina, 2009, “The Changing Bases of Segregation in the United States,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 626 (1): 74–90.
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24 参见F. Cairncross, 2001, The Death of Distance: 2.0: How the Communications Revolution Will Change Our Lives (New York: Texere Publishing)。
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25 A. Toffler, 1980, The Third Wave (New York: Bantam Books).
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26 T. L. Friedman, 2006, The World is Flat: The Globalized World in the Twenty-first Century (London: Penguin).
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27 E. L. Glaeser, 1998, “Are Cities Dying?,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (2): 139–60.
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28 关于集聚经济效应来源的概述，参见E. L. Glaeser and J. D. Gottlieb, 2009, “The Wealth of Cities: Agglomeration Economies and Spatial Equilibrium in the United States,” Journal of Economic Literature 47 (4): 983–1028。
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29 E. L. Glaeser, 2013, review of The New Geography of Jobs, by Enrico Moretti, Journal of Economic Literature 51 (3): 832.
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30 E. Moretti, 2012, The New Geography of Jobs (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt), 1–2.
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31 出处同上，3—4。
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32 T. Berger and C. B. Frey, 2016, “Did the Computer Revolution Shift the Fortunes of U.S. Cities? Technology Shocks and the Geography of New Jobs,” Regional Science and Urban Economics 57
:38–45.
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33 T. Berger and C. B. Frey, 2017a, “Industrial Renewal in the 21st Century: Evidence from US Cities,” Regional Studies 51 (3): 404–13.
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34 E. L. Glaeser, 1998, “Are Cities Dying?,” 149–50.
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35 R. J. Barro and X. Sala-i-Martin, 1992, “Convergence,” Journal of Political Economy 100 (2): 223–51.
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36 P. Ganong and D. Shoag, 2017, “Why Has Regional Income Convergence in the U.S. Declined?,” Journal of Urban Economics 102 (November): 76–90.
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37 G. Duranton and D. Puga, 2001, “Nursery Cities: Urban Diversity, Process Innovation, and the Life Cycle of Products,” American Economic Review 91 (5): 1454–77.
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38 B. Austin, E. L. Glaeser, and L. Summers, forthcoming, “Saving the Heartland: Place-Based Policies in 21st Century America,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.
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39 出处同上。
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40 E. Moretti, 2010, “Local Multipliers,” American Economic Review 100 (2): 373–77.
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41 E. L. Glaeser, 2013, review of The New Geography of Jobs, 831.
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