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20 R. A. Dahl, 1961, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 1.
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21 N. McCarty, K. T. Poole, and H. Rosenthal, 2016, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 2.
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22 L. M. Bartels, 2016, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 1.
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23 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Social Expenditure—Aggregated Data,” accessed December 22, 2018, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SOCX_AGG.
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24 McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal, 2016, Polarized America, 4.
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25 出处同上。
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26 Bartels, 2016, Unequal Democracy, 2.
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27 出处同上，209。
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28 M. Geewax, 2005, “Minimum Wage Odyssey: A Yearlong View from Capitol Hill and a Small Ohio Town,” Trenton Times, November 27.
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29 Bartels, 2016, Unequal Democracy, chapter 7.
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30 G. Lordan and D. Neumark, 2018, “People versus Machines: The Impact of Minimum Wages on Automatable Jobs,” Labour Economics 52 ( June): 40–53.
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31 A. J. Cherlin, 2013, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation), 93 and 143.
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32 R. D. Putnam, 2004, in Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society, ed. R. D. Putnam (New York: Oxford University Press).
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33 H. S. Farber, D. Herbst, I. Kuziemko, and S. Naidu, 2018, “Unions and Inequality over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence from Survey Data (Working Paper 24587, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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34 T. Piketty, 2018, “Brahmin Left vs. Merchant Right: Rising Inequality and the Changing Structure of Political Conflict,” (working paper, Paris School of Economics).
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35 关于跨地区的政治两极化，参见D. S. Massey, J. Rothwell, and T. Domina, 2009, “The Changing Bases of Segregation in the United States,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 626 (1): 74–90。
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36 A. Goldstein, 2018, Janesville: An American Story (New York: Simon & Schuster), 26–27.
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37 出处同上。
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38 D. C. Mutz, 2018, “Status Threat, Not Economic Hardship, Explains the 2016 Presidential Vote,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (19): 4338.
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39 M. Lamont, 2009, The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
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40 Cherlin, 2013, Labor’s Love Lost, 53.
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41 A. E. Clark and A. J. Oswald, 1996, “Satisfaction and Comparison Income,” Journal of Public Economics 61 (3): 359–81; A. Ferrer-i-Carbonell, 2005, “Income and Well-Being: An Empirical Analysis of the Comparison Income Effect,” Journal of Public Economics 89 (5–6): 997–1019; E. F. Luttmer, 2005, “Neighbors as Negatives: Relative Earnings and Well-Being,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120 (3): 963–1002.
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42 Cherlin, 2013, Labor’s Love Lost, 170.
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43 出处同上，169和172。
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44 过去四十年的数据表明，移民并不是非技术劳动者工资停滞或下降的罪魁祸首，不论在全国范围还是在具体地区都是如此。相反，有证据表明移民可能有助于避免未受大学教育的工人工资进一步下降，参见 G. Peri, 2018, “Did Immigration Contribute to Wage Stagnation of Unskilled Workers?,” Research in Economics 72 (2): 356–65。研究表明移民不会排挤本地工人，反而增加了就业，还提高了生产率。移民对非技术型本地工人工资的影响几乎为零，参见 G. Peri, 2012, “The Effect of Immigration on Productivity: Evidence from US States,” Review of Economics and Statistics 94 (1): 348–58。
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