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89 Malthus, [1798] 2013, An Essay on the Principle of Population, 179.
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90 R. Henderson, 2017, comment on “Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics, by E. Brynjolfsson, D. Rock and C. Syverson,” National Bureau of Economic Research, http://www.nber.org/chapters/c14020.pdf.
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91 J. M. Keynes, [1930] 2010, “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” in Essays in Persuasion (London: Palgrave Macmillan), 321–32.
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92 V. A. Ramey and N. Francis, 2009, “A Century of Work and Leisure,” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 1 (2): 189–224.
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93 W. A. Sundstrom, 2006, “Hours and Working Conditions,” in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition Online, ed. S. B. Carter et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press).
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94 Ramey and Francis, 2009, “A Century of Work and Leisure.”
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95 这些是建立在特定年龄的休闲方式和生存概率之上的。出处同上。
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96 这些结果与马克·阿吉亚尔（Mark Aguiar）和埃里克·赫斯特（Erik Hurst）得出的估计有出入，他们发现在1965年以后，闲暇时间有了更大的增长。主要原因是他们把育儿归类为休闲而不是家庭生产了。参见M. Aguiar and E. Hurst, 2007, “Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (3): 969–1006。拉梅和弗朗西斯也将与孩子交谈和玩耍等活动归类为闲暇，将其他育儿任务归类为家庭生产。考虑到人们报告说与这些活动相关的幸福感更低，这种情况似乎很合理。参见J. Robinson and G. Godbey, 2010, Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time (Philadelphia: Penn State University Press.)。
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97 Keynes, [1930] 2010, “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” 322.
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98 R. L. Heilbroner, 1966, “Where Do We Go from Here?,” New York Review of Books, March 17, https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1966/03/17/where-do-we-go-from-here/.
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99 D. H. Autor, 2015, “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29 (3): 8.
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100 Heilbroner, 1966, “Where Do We Go from Here?”
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101 B. Stevenson and J. Wolfers, 2013, “Subjective Well-Being and Income: Is There Any Evidence of Satiation?,” American Economic Review 103 (3): 598–604.
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102 H. Simon, 1966, “Automation,” New York Review of Books, March 26, https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1966/05/26/automation-3/.
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103 C. Stewart, 1960, “Social Implications of Technological Progress,” in Impact of Automation: A Collection of 20 Articles about Technological Change, from the Monthly Labor Review (Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics), 12.
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104 H. Voth, 2000, Time and Work in England 1750–1830 (Oxford: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press).
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105 Aguiar and Hurst, 2007, “Measuring Trends in Leisure Measuring Trends in Leisure.”
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106 引自C. Curtis, 1983, “Machines vs. Workers.” New York Times, February 8。
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107 F. Bastiat, 1850, “That Which Is Seen, and That Which Is Not Seen,” https://mises.org/library/which-seen-and-which-not-seen.
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108 D. Acemoglu and P. Restrepo, 2018b, “The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment,” American Economic Review 108 (6): 1488–542.
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109 T. Berger and C. B. Frey, 2017a, “Industrial Renewal in the 21st Century: Evidence from US Cities,” Regional Studies 51 (3): 404–13.
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110 Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2014, The Second Machine Age, 11.
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111 A. Goolsbee, 2018, “Public Policy in an AI Economy” (Working Paper 24653, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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