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[1]参见Tom Wolfe, The Bonfire of the Vanities (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1987), 229, 转引自Daniel Fischel, Payback: The Conspiracy to Destroy Michael Milken and His Revolution (New York: Harper Business, 1995)。
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[2]Louis D. Brandeis, Other People’s Money (Washington, DC: National Home Library Foundation, 1933), 1.
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[3]J. Stiglitz and A. Weiss, “Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information,” American Economic Review 71 (1981): 393-410.
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[4]有关抵押的研究,参见Yuk Shee Chan and Ajan V. Thakor, “Collateral and Competitive Equilibria with Moral Hazard and Private Information,” Journal of Finance 42 (1987): 345-364;D. Besanko and A. Thakor, “Collateral and Rationing: Sorting Equilibria in Monopolistic and Competitive Credit Markets,” International Economic Review 28 (1987)
:671-689。
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[5]其实,达成这笔交易需要夏洛克对那名商人怀有仇恨,否则他就不会真正去索取那一磅肉,那么追偿抵押品的威胁就不可信了。
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[6]T. Jappelli, M. Pagano, and M.Bianco, “Courts and Banks: Effects of Judicial Enforcement of Credit Markets,” CEPR working paper no. 3347, April 2002. Similar studies include M. Chiuri and T. Jappelli, “Credit Market Imperfections and Home Ownership: A Comparative Study,” CEPR discussion paper no. 2717, 2001; D. Fabbri and Mario Padula, “Judicial Costs and Household Debt,”working paper, Center for Studies in Economics and Finance, University of Salerno, Italy, 2001; Lee Alston, “Farm Foreclosure Moratorium Legislation: A Lesson from the Past,” American Economic Review 74, no. 3 (1984): 445-458; and R. Gropp, J. Scholz, and M. White, “Personal Bankruptcy and Credit Supply and Demand,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (1997): 217-251.
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[7]Gropp, Scholz, and White, “Personal Bankruptcy and Credit Supply and Demand,” 217-251.
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[8]Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
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[9]M. Petersen and R. Rajan, “The Benefits of Lending Relationships: Evidence from Small Business Data,” Journal of Finance 49 (1994): 3-37.
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[10]Luigi Guiso and Luigi Zingales, “ The Rise of Bank Relationships,” University of Chicago, WP, 1999.
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[11]Naomi Lamoreaux, Insider Lending: Banks, Personal Connections and Economic Development in Industrial New England (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
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[12]R. G. Rajan, “Insiders and Outsiders: The Choice between Informed and Arm’s Length Debt,” Journal of Finance 47 (1992): 1367-1400.
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[13]参见Pujo Committee report, 转引自Brandeis, Other People’s Money, 31。
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[14]E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, 1848-1885 (New York: New American Library, 1979), 242.
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[15]Harris Corporation, Business History Review, “Founding Dates of the 1994 Fortune 500 U.S. Companies,” spring 1996, 69-90.
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[16]J. Fear, “German Capitalism,” in Creating Modern Capitalism: How Entrepreneurs, Companies, and Countries Triumphed in Three Industrial Revolutions, ed. T. McCraw (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 181.
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[17]R. W. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 112, and the references there.
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[18]T. McCraw, “American Capitalism,” in Creating Modern Capitalism, 320.
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[19]A. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1990), 18.
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[20]R. Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller (New York: Random House, 1998), 226.
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[21]Chandler, Scale and Scope, 25.
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[22]Chernow, Titan, 288.
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[23]Chandler, Scale and Scope, 25.
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[24]Chernow, Titan, 265.
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[25]David Blau, “A Time Series Analysis of Self-Employment in the United States,” Journal of Political Economy 95, no. 3 (1987): 445-468.
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