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[4]Stella Gibbons,Cold Comfort Farm (London: Allen Lane,1932),第xi页。小说的封面称这本书描写了“极其无聊的故事”:本书的参考书目可能也是如此。后面的尾注仅限于提供进一步的解释、关于证据来源的指引和参考文献。然而,应该指出的是,韦氏词典对“一派胡言”(flapdoodle)这个词语给出的例句恰好是“这个演讲里尽是对经济的‘一派胡言’”。
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第1章 大背景
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[1]Richard Tawney,Equality (London: Allen and Unwin,1964,first published 1931): 46-47; and John Roemer,Equality of Opportunity (Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press,1998).
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[2]Ravi Kanbur and Adam Wagstaff,“How Useful Is Inequality of Opportunity as a Policy Construct?” ECINEQ Working Paper 338 (2014): 1-18,quote p. 5.
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[3]Joseph E. Stiglitz,The Price of Inequality (London: Allen Lane,2012); and Kate Pickett and Richard Wilkinson,The Spirit Level,rev. ed. (London: Penguin,2010).
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[4]这句话来源于Nolan McCarty、Keith T. Poole和Howard Rosenthal所著Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Cambridge,MA: MIT Press,2006)的副标题。
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[5]在英国皇家经济学会的125周年庆典上,Dalton的文章(Hugh Dalton,“The Measurement of the Inequality of Incomes,”Economic Journal30 \[1920\]: 348-361)被选为当时Economic Journal发表的最优秀的文章之一。请参见Anthony B. Atkinson and Andrea Brandolini,“Unveiling the Ethics behind Inequality Measurement: Dalton’s Contribution to Economics,” Economic Journal 125 (forthcoming,2015).
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[6]Amartya Sen,On Economic Inequality (Oxford: Clarendon Press,1973),16.
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[7]Rawls,A Theory of Justice,92.
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[8]Plato,The LawsV.744e (New York: Dutton,1960),quote p. 127。这条参考书目来源于Ray C. Fair,“The Optimal Distribution of Income,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 85 (1971): 551-579,quote p. 552。
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[9]Rawls,A Theory of Justice,92.
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[10]Amartya Sen,The Idea of Justice (London: Allen Lane,2009),66.
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[11]Amartya Sen,Development as Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1999) .
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[12]参见联合国发展署网站: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi。
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[13]请参见人类发展和能力协会(Human Development and Capability Association)的网站了解更多关于可行能力法的内容: https://hd-ca.org/。
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[14]Anthony B. Atkinson,“Bringing Income Distribution in from the Cold,” Economic Journal 107 (1997): 297-321
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[15]Hugh Dalton,Some Aspects of the Inequality of In comes in Modern Communities (London: Routledge,1920),quote p. vii.
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[16]Agnar Sandmo,“The Principal Problem in Political Economy: Income Distribution in the History of Economic Thought,” in Anthony B. Atkinson and Franois Bourguignon,eds.,Handbook of Income Distribution,vol. 2A (Amsterdam: Elsevier,2015),3-65,quotes pp. 22,60-61。这条参考书目来源于Gerard Debreu,Theory of Value (New York: John Wiley,1959) 。
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[17]N. Gregory Mankiw,Principles of Microeconomics,7th ed. (New York: Worth,2007),and Essentials of Economics,7th ed. (New York: Worth,2014).
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[18]与此形成对比的是,INET的“核心项目”(CORE project)开发的新教材突出了经济不平等问题。在“经济学研究什么?”这个问题之下,它的四条答案中的第二条就是“哪些因素可以解释国家和人民的财富及贫困。” http://core-econ.org/about/。
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[19]Robert E. Lucas,“The Industrial Revolution: Past and Future,”The Region,2003 Annual Report of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis,5-20,quote p. 20.
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[20]Robert M. Solow,“Dumb and Dumber in Macroeconomics” (2003)。可在网上找到这篇文章:https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/festschrift/Papers/Stig-Solow.pdf。
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[21]基尼系数虽然以Corrado Gini命名,但事实上,两位德国学者Carl Christopher von Andrae和Friedrich Robert Helmert早在基尼系数被广泛认可30年前就建议采用基尼系数所使用的统计方法,即平均差。Corrado Gini,Variabilità e Mutabilità (Bologna: Paolo Cuppini,1912),58n。对统计学的历史感兴趣的读者或许知道Helmert教授也是卡方分配的早期发现者之一。
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[22]权重的计算方法是2(1 F),其中F是个人在收入中的排名,请参见Anthony B. Atkinson and Andrea Brandolini,“On Analysing the World Distribution of Income,” World Bank Economic Review 24 (2010): 1-17。
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[23]如想了解对经济不平等测量方式的介绍,请参见Stephen P. Jenkins and Philippe van Kerm,“The Measurement of Economic Inequality,” in Wiemer Salverda,Brian Nolan,and Timothy M. Smeeding,eds.,The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2009): 40-67。
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