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［24］Herman P. Miller，Income Distribution in the United States (Washington，D.C.: Bureau of the Census，1966)，quote p. 2。正如Herman展示的那样，国家人口普查局在60年代以前的数据表明，不平等程度下降的趋势终止于1944年。
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［25］纳税最高的1%人群每年都在变化，然而向下的流动性非常有限。在1987年1%最高收入人群里，那些当时处于35—40岁年龄段的人在20年后还有24%的人属于1%最高收入人群，70%的人属于10%最高收入人群。参见Table 1 in Gerald Auten，Geoffrey Gee，and Nicholas Turner，“Income Inequality，Mobility，and Turnover at the Top in the US，1987-2010,”American Economic Review 103 (2013): 168-172。
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［26］Robert M. Solow，“Income Inequality since the War,” in Ralph E. Freeman，ed.，Postwar Economic Trends in the United States (New York: Harper and Brothers，1960)，quote p. 135.
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［27］假设税率固定不变，每个人获得同样的福利，可以在绝大多数收入区间里大致估算税收/转移体系（这个假设是一个合理的第一近似值）。由总收入Y可以得到净收入(1-t)Y+A，其中t代表税率，A代表每个人获得的福利（我们可以将它看作个人收入税的免税额）。由于所有人的A值都相同，所以可支配收入的基尼系数等于(1-t)乘以市场收入（Y）的基尼系数，再除以平均可支配收入与平均市场收入之比。这样的话，如果政府在产品和服务（如医疗、教育和国防等）方面的支出消耗了20%的税收，那么后者的比例为80%。进一步假设市场收入的基尼系数是50%，那么税率上调Δt后，可支配收入基尼系数的下降幅度相当于0.5乘以Δt再除以0.8。如果反向推导这种关系，那么要想将可支配收入的基尼系数降到预期目标，税率就要上调到原来的0.8/0.5 (=1.6)倍。
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［28］若想了解OECD国家收入不平等情况的综述，请参见Andrea Brandolini and Timothy M. Smeeding，“Income Inequality in Richer and OECD Countries,” in Salverda，Nolan，and Smeeding，eds.，The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality，71-100; Salvatore Morelli，Timothy M. Smeeding，and Jeffrey Thompson，“Post-1970 Trends in Within-Country Inequality and Poverty,” in Atkinson and Bourguignon，eds.，Handbook of Income Distribution，vol. 2; and OECD，Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising (Paris: OECD，2011)。
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［29］Martin S. Feldstein，“Rethinking Social Insurance,” American Economic Review 95 (2005): 1-24，quote p. 12.
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［30］Brian Abel-Smith and Peter Townsend，The Poor and the Poorest (London: G.Bell，1965); and Anthony B. Atkinson，Poverty in Britain and the Reform of Social Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press，1969).
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［31］欧洲委员会的网站上介绍了《欧盟2020战略》：http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/targets/eu-targets/；另外请参见Anthony B. Atkinson and Eric Marlier，“Living Conditions in Europe and the Europe 2020 Agenda,” in Anthony B. Atkinson and Eric Marlier，eds.,Income and Living Conditions in Europe (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union，2010)，21-35。
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［32］欧洲的贫困线定为均等化家庭可支配收入中位数的60%，因此它会随着收入中位数上下浮动。
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［33］若想了解《欧盟2020战略》的中期情况，请参见Hugh Frazer et al.，“Putting the Fight against Poverty and Social Exclusion at the Heart of the EU Agenda: A Contribution to the Mid-Term Review of the Europe 2020 Strategy,” OSE Paper 15 (2014)，Observatoire Social Européen，Brussels。
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［34］Social Protection Committee，Social Europe: Many Ways，One Objective (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union，2014),quote p.7。
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［35］John Donne，Meditations XVII，Devotions upon Emergent Occasions (London: Nonesuch Press，1962),quote P.538.Richard H. Tawney，“Poverty as an Industrial Problem,” in Memoranda on the Problems of Poverty (London: William Morris Press，1913).
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［36］Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London: Routledge，1903，first published 1776)，quote p. 78. Milton Friedman and Simon Kuznets，Income from Indepen dent Professional Practice (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research，1945),quote p.84.
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［37］若了解更多关于等价尺度的信息，请参见Anthony B. Atkinson，Bea Cantillon，Eric Marlier，and Brian Nolan，Social Indicators (Oxford: Oxford University Press，2002)，98-101。
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［38］See Rolf Aaberge，Audun Langrgen，and Petter Lindgren，“The Distributional Impact of Public Services in European Countries,” Statistics Norway Research Department Discussion Paper 746 (2013)，http://www.ssb.no/en/forskning/discussion-papers/_attachment/123883?_ts=13f50d54ab8.
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［39］这些数据来源于世界顶级收入数据库（World Top Incomes Database，WTID）: http://topincomes.gmond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/.
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［40］George Eliot，Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe (Edinburgh: William Blackwood，1861).
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［41］Bill Gates，“Why Inequality Matters,” review of Piketty，Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2014)，http://www.gatesnotes.com/Books/Why-Inequality-Matters-Capital-in-21st-Century-Review.
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［42］Dirk Krueger and Fabrizio Perri，“Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality?” Review of Economic Studies 73 (2006): 163-193，quote p. 163. Dale Jorgenson，“Did We Lose the War on Poverty?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (1998): 79-96，quote p. 79. Bruce D. Meyer and James X. Sullivan，“Winning the War: Poverty from the Great Society to the Great Recession,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Fall 2012): 163-193，quote p. 163.
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［43］Orazio Attanasio，Erik Hurst，and Luigi Pistaferri，“The Evolution of Income，Consumption，and Leisure Inequality in the US，1980-2010,” NBER Working Paper No. 17982，April 2012，http://papers.nber.org/tmp/69610-w17982.pdf.
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［44］Mark A. Aguiar and Mark Bils，“Has Consumption Inequality Mirrored Income Inequality?” NBER Working Paper No. 16807，http://papers.nber.org/tmp/69610-w17982.pdf，quote p. 2.
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［45］John Sabelhaus et al.，“Is the Consumer Expenditure Survey Representative by Income?” Finance and Economics Discussion Series，Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs，Federal Reserve Board，Washington，D.C.
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［46］Jonathan D. Fisher，David S. Johnson，and Timothy M. Smeeding，“Measuring the Trends in Inequality of Individuals and Families: Income and Consumption,” American Economic Review，Papers and Proceedings 103 (2013): 184-188，quote p. 187.
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［47］B. Seebohm Rowntree，Poverty: A Study of Town Life (London: Longmans，Green and Co.，1901，new ed. 1922)，quote p. 117.
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［48］Mollie Orshansky，“Counting the Poor: Another Look at the Poverty Profile,” Social Security Bulletin 28 (1965): 3-29，Table E on p. 28.
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