1704628480
［29］Martin S. Feldstein，“Rethinking Social Insurance,” American Economic Review 95 (2005): 1-24，quote p. 12.
1704628481
1704628482
［30］Brian Abel-Smith and Peter Townsend，The Poor and the Poorest (London: G.Bell，1965); and Anthony B. Atkinson，Poverty in Britain and the Reform of Social Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press，1969).
1704628483
1704628484
［31］欧洲委员会的网站上介绍了《欧盟2020战略》：http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/targets/eu-targets/；另外请参见Anthony B. Atkinson and Eric Marlier，“Living Conditions in Europe and the Europe 2020 Agenda,” in Anthony B. Atkinson and Eric Marlier，eds.,Income and Living Conditions in Europe (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union，2010)，21-35。
1704628485
1704628486
［32］欧洲的贫困线定为均等化家庭可支配收入中位数的60%，因此它会随着收入中位数上下浮动。
1704628487
1704628488
［33］若想了解《欧盟2020战略》的中期情况，请参见Hugh Frazer et al.，“Putting the Fight against Poverty and Social Exclusion at the Heart of the EU Agenda: A Contribution to the Mid-Term Review of the Europe 2020 Strategy,” OSE Paper 15 (2014)，Observatoire Social Européen，Brussels。
1704628489
1704628490
［34］Social Protection Committee，Social Europe: Many Ways，One Objective (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union，2014),quote p.7。
1704628491
1704628492
［35］John Donne，Meditations XVII，Devotions upon Emergent Occasions (London: Nonesuch Press，1962),quote P.538.Richard H. Tawney，“Poverty as an Industrial Problem,” in Memoranda on the Problems of Poverty (London: William Morris Press，1913).
1704628493
1704628494
［36］Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London: Routledge，1903，first published 1776)，quote p. 78. Milton Friedman and Simon Kuznets，Income from Indepen dent Professional Practice (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research，1945),quote p.84.
1704628495
1704628496
［37］若了解更多关于等价尺度的信息，请参见Anthony B. Atkinson，Bea Cantillon，Eric Marlier，and Brian Nolan，Social Indicators (Oxford: Oxford University Press，2002)，98-101。
1704628497
1704628498
［38］See Rolf Aaberge，Audun Langrgen，and Petter Lindgren，“The Distributional Impact of Public Services in European Countries,” Statistics Norway Research Department Discussion Paper 746 (2013)，http://www.ssb.no/en/forskning/discussion-papers/_attachment/123883?_ts=13f50d54ab8.
1704628499
1704628500
［39］这些数据来源于世界顶级收入数据库（World Top Incomes Database，WTID）: http://topincomes.gmond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/.
1704628501
1704628502
［40］George Eliot，Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe (Edinburgh: William Blackwood，1861).
1704628503
1704628504
［41］Bill Gates，“Why Inequality Matters,” review of Piketty，Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2014)，http://www.gatesnotes.com/Books/Why-Inequality-Matters-Capital-in-21st-Century-Review.
1704628505
1704628506
［42］Dirk Krueger and Fabrizio Perri，“Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality?” Review of Economic Studies 73 (2006): 163-193，quote p. 163. Dale Jorgenson，“Did We Lose the War on Poverty?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (1998): 79-96，quote p. 79. Bruce D. Meyer and James X. Sullivan，“Winning the War: Poverty from the Great Society to the Great Recession,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Fall 2012): 163-193，quote p. 163.
1704628507
1704628508
［43］Orazio Attanasio，Erik Hurst，and Luigi Pistaferri，“The Evolution of Income，Consumption，and Leisure Inequality in the US，1980-2010,” NBER Working Paper No. 17982，April 2012，http://papers.nber.org/tmp/69610-w17982.pdf.
1704628509
1704628510
［44］Mark A. Aguiar and Mark Bils，“Has Consumption Inequality Mirrored Income Inequality?” NBER Working Paper No. 16807，http://papers.nber.org/tmp/69610-w17982.pdf，quote p. 2.
1704628511
1704628512
［45］John Sabelhaus et al.，“Is the Consumer Expenditure Survey Representative by Income?” Finance and Economics Discussion Series，Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs，Federal Reserve Board，Washington，D.C.
1704628513
1704628514
［46］Jonathan D. Fisher，David S. Johnson，and Timothy M. Smeeding，“Measuring the Trends in Inequality of Individuals and Families: Income and Consumption,” American Economic Review，Papers and Proceedings 103 (2013): 184-188，quote p. 187.
1704628515
1704628516
［47］B. Seebohm Rowntree，Poverty: A Study of Town Life (London: Longmans，Green and Co.，1901，new ed. 1922)，quote p. 117.
1704628517
1704628518
［48］Mollie Orshansky，“Counting the Poor: Another Look at the Poverty Profile,” Social Security Bulletin 28 (1965): 3-29，Table E on p. 28.
1704628519
1704628520
［49］James Tobin，“On Limiting the Domain of Inequality,” Journal of Law and Economics 13 (1970): 263-277,引自第264页。 Tobin的文章现在非常值得一读。他在耶鲁大学工作，获得过诺贝尔奖。Tobin曾供职于肯尼迪总统的经济顾问委员会。当政府邀请他担任这一职位时，他起先拒绝了邀约，认为自己只是一名“象牙塔里的经济学家”。肯尼迪回复说：“教授，这没什么问题，我这个总统就是你所说的‘象牙塔里的总统’。” (Obituary for James Tobin in Yale Bulletin and Calendar，vol. 30，no. 22，15 March 2002)。
1704628521
1704628522
［50］Alessio Fusco，Anne-Catherine Guio，and Eric Marlier，“Characterising the Income Poor and the Materially Deprived in European Countries,” in Atkinson and Marlier,Income and Living Conditions in Europe，pp. 133-153.
1704628523
1704628524
［51］Brian Barry，“Social Exclusion，Social Isolation and the Distribution of Income,” CASEpaper 12，Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion，London School of Economics，quote p. 8.
1704628525
1704628526
［52］Barbara Wootton,The Social Foundations of Wage Policy (London: Allen and Unwin，1955).
1704628527
1704628528
［53］有些网站很有意思，你只要输入自己的收入，它们就可以告诉你在本国的收入分配中处于什么位置。GivingWhatYouCan建立的这个网站适用于很多国家: https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/get-involved/how-rich-am-i；美国读者可参考这个网站http://www.whatsmypercent.com/；英国财政研究所也建立了类似网站http://www.ifs.org.uk/wheredoyoufitin/。
1704628529
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70462848e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]