1704628620 ［30］George F. Break，“The Role of Government: Taxes，Transfers，and Spending,” inMartin Feldstein，ed.，The American Economy in Transition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press，1980)，Table 9.17.这些数据指“非衰退国民生产总值（GNP）”的百分比。

1704628621

1704628622 ［31］Karoly and Burtless，“Demographic Change,” quote p. 392.

1704628623

1704628624 ［32］Richard Goode，The Individual Income Tax (Washington，D.C.: Brookings Institution，1964)，quote p. 283。这条引用来源于JosephSchumpeter，Capitalism，Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper andRow，1962)，3rd ed.，quote p. 381; and Irving B. Kravis，The Structure of Income(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press，1962)，quote p. 220。

1704628625

1704628626 ［33］例如，参见此文中的图2.1：Anthony B. Atkinson and Joseph E. Stiglitz，Lectures on Public Economics (New York: McGraw-Hill，1980，reprinted by Princeton University Press，2015)。

1704628627

1704628628 ［34］关于贫困人口比重的数据来源于Anthony B. Atkinson and SalvatoreMorelli，Chartbook of Economic Inequality，http://www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com/。

1704628629

1704628630 ［35］Thomas Piketty，“Income，Wage，and Wealth Inequality in France，1901-98,” inAnthony B. Atkinson and Thomas Piketty，eds.,Top Incomes，quote p. 50.

1704628631

1704628632 ［36］这些数据来源于Anthony B. Atkinson，“Increased Income Inequality inOECD Countries and the Redistributive Impact of the Government Budget,”in Giovanni A. Cornia，ed.,Inequality，Growth，and Poverty in an Era of Liberalization and Globalization (Oxford: Oxford University Press，2004)，221-248；另外，还请参见Anthony B. Atkinson，“What Is Happening to the Distribution of Income in the UK?” Proceedings of the British Academy 82 (1992): 317-351; Anthony B. Atkinson and John Micklewright，“Turning the Screw: Benefits for the Unemployed 1979-88,” in Andrew Dilnot and Ian Walker，eds.，The Economics of Social Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press，1989)，17-51。

1704628633

1704628634 ［37］Richard Hauser，“Personal Primr-und Sekundrverteilung der Einkommenunter dem Einfluss sich ndernen wirtschaftlicher und sozialpolitisch Rahmenbedingungen,” Allgemeines Statistisches Achiv 83 (1999): 88-110 (my translation).

1704628635

1704628636 ［38］Hannu Uusitalo，“Changes in Income Distribution During a Deep Recessionand After” (Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare，STAKES,1999).

1704628637

1704628638 ［39］Secretary-General，“Editorial,” in OECD，Divided We Stand (Paris: OECD,2011)，quote p. 18.

1704628639

1704628640 ［40］Michael F. Frster and István G. Tóth，“Cross-Country Evidence of the Multiple Causes of Inequality Changes in the OECD Area,” in Anthony B. Atkinsonand Franois Bourguignon，Handbook of Income Distribution，vol. 2B (Amsterdam: Elsevier，2015)，quote p. 1803.

1704628641

1704628642 ［41］OECD，Divided We Stand，quote p. 292;关于覆盖率的数据来源于图7.5，其中包括了一系列失业保险和补助福利，如想了解更多细节，请参见Herwig Immervoll，Pascal Marianna，and Marco Mira D’Ercole,“Benefit Coverage Rates and Household Typologies: Scope and Limitations ofTax-Benefit Indicators,” OECD Social，Employment and Migration Working Paper 20，OECD，Paris，2004。

1704628643

1704628644 ［42］Nicholas Kaldor，“Alternative Theories of Distribution,” Review of Economic Studies 23 (1955-6): 83-100，and “A Model of Economic Growth,”Economic Journal 67 (1957): 591-624。需要指出的是薪酬比重的恒定性没有列入“新”卡尔多事实，请参见 Charles I. Jones andPaul M. Romer，“The New Kaldor Facts: Ideas，Institutions，Population，andHuman Capital,” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2 (2010): 224-245。相反，他们提出了大学毕业/高中毕业工资溢价的恒定性。下一章将探讨这个问题。

1704628645

1704628646 ［43］Klaus Heidensohn，“Labour’s Share in National Income: A Constant?” Manchester School 37 (1969): 295-321，quote p. 304. 下面给出的数据来源于表1。

1704628647

1704628648 ［44］Piketty，Capital，quote p. 221.

1704628649

1704628650 ［45］Loukas Karabarbounis and Brent Neiman，“The Global Decline of the Labor Share,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (2014): 61-103.

1704628651

1704628652 ［46］David Ricardo，Preface to Principles of Political Economy (London: Dent，1911,first published 1817).

1704628653

1704628654 ［47］然而，它的发展趋势并不是一直朝着这个方向。1981年后，随着社会住房的出售，租房居住的比重开始下降。在过去20年里，越来越多人购房出租，由此提升了私人房东的比重，使其在2011年达到18%。

1704628655

1704628656 ［48］那么，基尼系数等于工人在总人口中的比重与工人收入在总收入中的比重之差——请参见Anthony B.Atkinson and John Micklewright，Economic Transformation in Eastern Europe and the Distribution of Income (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press，1992),Ch. 2.

1704628657

1704628658 ［49］Daniele Checchi and Cecilia Garcia Pealosa，“Labour Market Institutions and the Personal Distribution of Income in the OECD,” Economica 77 (2010): 413-450，quote to Table 7.基尼系数下探至0.4时，置信区间为95%.

1704628659

1704628660 ［50］Jesper Roine and Daniel Waldenstrm，“Long Run Trends in the Distribution of Income and Wealth,” in Atkinson and Bourguignon，Handbook of Income Distribution，vol. 2A，Table 7.A2。卢森堡收入研究所已经扩大并合并了卢森堡财富研究所，但最早的数据可追溯到1994年。

1704628661

1704628662 ［51］其中考虑了1959年至1960年间缺失的数据——请参见Anthony B. Atkinson，James P. F. Gordon，and Alan Harrison，“Trends in the Shares of Top-Wealth-Holders in Britain，1923-81,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 51 (1989): 315-332.

1704628663

1704628664 ［52］在美国，不同来源的数据对20世纪年代以后这段时期的描述指向不同的方向。请参见：Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman，“Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data,” Working Paper 20625，National Bureau of Economic Research; and Wojciech Kopczuk，“What Do We Know about Evolution of Top Wealth Sharesin the United States?”Journal of Economic Perspectives，forthcoming.

1704628665

1704628666 ［53］Christopher L. Erickson and Andrea Ichino，“Wage Differentials in Italy: Market Forces，Institutions and Inflation,” in Richard B. Freeman and Lawrence F.Katz，eds.，Differences and Changes in Wage Structures (Chicago: University of Chicago Press，1995): 265-306,quote p.265.Andrea Brandolini，“The Distribution of Personal Income in Post-War Italy: Source Description，Data Quality,and the Time Pattern of Income Inequality,”Giornale degli Economisti e Annalidi Economia 58 (1999): 183-239; Ignacio Visco，“The Indexation of Earnings inItaly: Sectoral Analysis and Estimates for 1978-79,” Rivista di Politica Economica 13 (1979): 151-183; Marco Manacorda，“Can the Scala Mobile Explain the Fall and Rise of Earnings Inequality in Italy? A Semiparametric Analysis，1977-1993,”Journal of Labor Economics 22 (2004): 585-613，Magnus Gustavsson,“Trends in the Transitory Variance of Earnings: Evidence from Sweden 1960-1990 and a Comparison with the United States,” Working Paper 2004:11，Department of Economics，Uppsala Universitet; Tor Eriksson and Markus Jntti,“The Distribution of Earnings in Finland 1971-1990,” European Economic Review 41 (1997): 1736-1779.

1704628667

1704628668 ［54］Checchi and Garcia Pealosa，“Labour Market Institutions,”引自表7,其中引用的数据基于所估算基尼系数的95%置信区间。

1704628669

[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70462862e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]