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[55]Piketty,Les hauts revenus en France,quote p. 165 (my translation).
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[56]Joop Hartog and Nick Vriend,“Post-War International Labour Mobility: TheNetherlands,” in Ian Gordon and Anthony P. Thirlwall,eds.,European FactorMobility (London: Macmillan,1989)。关于法国的情况请参见Piketty,Les hauts revenus en France,第3章。
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[57]“Incomes Policy,”维基百科,下载于2014年10月5日。
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[58]Jenkins et al.,The Great Recession,pp. 14-16.
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[59]International Labour Office,Year Book of Labour Statistics 1961 (Geneva: International Labour Office,1961),quote p. 202.
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[60]OECD,Historical Statistics (Paris: OECD,1997),Table 2.15.
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[61]OECD,Divided We Stand,Chs. 3 and 4; Anthony B. Atkinson and Andrea Brandolini,“From Earnings Dispersion to Income Inequality,” in Francesco Farina and Ernesto Savaglio,eds.,Inequality and Economic Integration(London: Routledge,2006): 35-64.
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[62]关于工人分配情况(包括兼职工人和个体经营者)以及整个劳动年龄人口的计算请参见OECD报告Divided We Stand的图4.1和图4.6。
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[63]学者研究了20世纪80年代末到90年代初,北欧国家不断攀升的失业率对不平等的影响,得出的结论是:“衰退启动了许多复杂的机制。可能需要对收入构成之间的互动构建一个大型模型,才能理解收入分配在失业率快速飙升时发生的变化。”Rolf Aaberge,Anders Bjrklund,Markus Jntti,Peder J. Pedersen,Nina Smith,and Tom Wennemo,“Unemployment Shocks and Income Distribution: How Did theNordic Countries Fare during Their Crises?”Scandinavian Journal of Economics 102 (2000): 77-99。
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[64]Anthony B. Atkinson,“Social Exclusion,Poverty and Unemployment,” in Anthony B. Atkinson and John Hills,eds.,Exclusion,Employment and Opportunity,CASEpaper 4 (London: LSE,STICERD,1998): 1-20.
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[65]Amartya Sen,“Inequality,Unemployment and Contemporary Europe,” International Labour Review 136 (1997): 155-171,quote p.169.
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[66]Source SEDLAC,CEDLAS (Universidad Nacional de La Plata) and The World ank,(http://sedlac.econo.unlp.edu.ar/eng/),downloaded 5 October 2014.
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[67]Facundo Alvaredo and Leonardo Gasparini,“Recent Trends in Inequality and Poverty in Developing Countries,” in Atkinson and Bourguignon,Handbook ofIncome Distribution,vol. 2,quote p. 726.
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[68]Giovanni Andrea Cornia,ed.,Falling Inequality in Latin America (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2014),quote p. 7.
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[69]Nora Lustig,Luis F. Lopez-Calva,and Eduardo Ortiz-Juarez,“Deconstructing the Decline in Inequality in Latin America,” in Robert Devlin,Jose Luis Machinea,and Oscar Echeverria,eds.,Latin American Development in an Age of Globalization: Essays in Honor of Enrique V. Iglesias,2013.
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[70]Alvaredo and Gasparini,“Recent Trends,” quote p. 732.
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[71]Armando Barrientos,“On the Distributional Implications of Social Protection Reforms in Latin America,” in Cornia,Falling Inequality,quote pp. 356 and 358.
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[72]Source:Atkinson and Morelli,Chartbook.
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[73]OECD,Divided We Stand,quote p. 22.
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第3章 不平等经济学
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[1]显然,这张清单还可以拓展下去。譬如,我没有讨论收入不平等与移民之间的关系。移民经济学本身就是一个重要课题。目前尚不清楚它是否为引发总体收入不平等上升的一个重要原因。David Card分析了美国的移民情况后得出结论:“在过去25年里,移民对于总体薪酬不平等上升的贡献相对较小(4%—6%)。”“Immigration and Inequality,” American Economic Review,Papers and Proceedings 99 (2009): 1-19,引自第19页。
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[2]Jan Tinbergen,Income Distribution: Analysis and Policies (Amsterdam: NorthHolland,1975).
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[3]替代弹性测量了一个要素的相对价格上升时,(相对于其他要素)对它的需求成比例下降的情况。如果技术工人的相对工资上升10%导致对他的相对需求下降10%,那么替代弹性等于1。如果把这个概念延伸到两个以上的要素时,会出现许多定义问题——参见Charles Blackorby and Robert Russell,“Will the Real Elasticity of Substitution Please Stand Up? (A Comparison of the Allen/Uzawa and Morishima Elasticities),” American Economic Review 79 (1989): 882-888。
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[4]譬如请参见Daron Acemoglu and David Autor,“What Does Human Capital Do? A Review of Goldin and Katz’s The Race between Education and Technology,”Journal of Economic Literature 50 (2012): 426-463,引用自脚注10。引用的脚注10对此有清晰的介绍。
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[5]现值计算考虑了未来收入的价值低于现在收入这一事实。如果把现在的1英镑存入银行T年,且利率为r,那么它的收入累积下来为e rT英镑。这个计算假设技术工人和非技术工人的工作时间一样长。
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