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[65]Amartya Sen,“Inequality,Unemployment and Contemporary Europe,” International Labour Review 136 (1997): 155-171,quote p.169.
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[66]Source SEDLAC,CEDLAS (Universidad Nacional de La Plata) and The World ank,(http://sedlac.econo.unlp.edu.ar/eng/),downloaded 5 October 2014.
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[67]Facundo Alvaredo and Leonardo Gasparini,“Recent Trends in Inequality and Poverty in Developing Countries,” in Atkinson and Bourguignon,Handbook ofIncome Distribution,vol. 2,quote p. 726.
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[68]Giovanni Andrea Cornia,ed.,Falling Inequality in Latin America (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2014),quote p. 7.
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[69]Nora Lustig,Luis F. Lopez-Calva,and Eduardo Ortiz-Juarez,“Deconstructing the Decline in Inequality in Latin America,” in Robert Devlin,Jose Luis Machinea,and Oscar Echeverria,eds.,Latin American Development in an Age of Globalization: Essays in Honor of Enrique V. Iglesias,2013.
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[70]Alvaredo and Gasparini,“Recent Trends,” quote p. 732.
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[71]Armando Barrientos,“On the Distributional Implications of Social Protection Reforms in Latin America,” in Cornia,Falling Inequality,quote pp. 356 and 358.
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[72]Source:Atkinson and Morelli,Chartbook.
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[73]OECD,Divided We Stand,quote p. 22.
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第3章 不平等经济学
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[1]显然,这张清单还可以拓展下去。譬如,我没有讨论收入不平等与移民之间的关系。移民经济学本身就是一个重要课题。目前尚不清楚它是否为引发总体收入不平等上升的一个重要原因。David Card分析了美国的移民情况后得出结论:“在过去25年里,移民对于总体薪酬不平等上升的贡献相对较小(4%—6%)。”“Immigration and Inequality,” American Economic Review,Papers and Proceedings 99 (2009): 1-19,引自第19页。
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[2]Jan Tinbergen,Income Distribution: Analysis and Policies (Amsterdam: NorthHolland,1975).
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[3]替代弹性测量了一个要素的相对价格上升时,(相对于其他要素)对它的需求成比例下降的情况。如果技术工人的相对工资上升10%导致对他的相对需求下降10%,那么替代弹性等于1。如果把这个概念延伸到两个以上的要素时,会出现许多定义问题——参见Charles Blackorby and Robert Russell,“Will the Real Elasticity of Substitution Please Stand Up? (A Comparison of the Allen/Uzawa and Morishima Elasticities),” American Economic Review 79 (1989): 882-888。
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[4]譬如请参见Daron Acemoglu and David Autor,“What Does Human Capital Do? A Review of Goldin and Katz’s The Race between Education and Technology,”Journal of Economic Literature 50 (2012): 426-463,引用自脚注10。引用的脚注10对此有清晰的介绍。
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[5]现值计算考虑了未来收入的价值低于现在收入这一事实。如果把现在的1英镑存入银行T年,且利率为r,那么它的收入累积下来为e rT英镑。这个计算假设技术工人和非技术工人的工作时间一样长。
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[6]Adam Bryant,“In Head-Hunting,Big Data May Not Be Such a Big Deal,” interview with Laszlo Bock,New York Times,June 19,2013.
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[7]Sir John Hicks,The Theory of Wages (London: Macmillan,1932),quote p. 124.
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[8]替代弹性超过1时,不会出现长期稳定状态。经济会在可能出现创新的前沿分化,此时非技术劳动力不会对技术进步产生任何推动作用(人们将其视为下限)。请参见Charles Kennedy,“Induced Bias in Innovation and the Theory of Distribution,” Economic Journal 74 (1964): 541-547; Paul Samuelson,“A Theory of Induced Innovations along Kennedy-Weiscker Lines,” Review of Economics and Statistics 97 (1965): 444-464; and Emmanuel Drandakis and Edmund S. Phelps,“A Model of Induced Invention,Growth and Distribution,” Economic Journal 75 (1965): 823-840. Daron Acemoglu相当完善地总结了20世纪60年代关于诱发创新的文献,请参见Daron Acemoglu,“Localized and Biased Technologies: Atkinson and Stiglitz’s New View,Induced Innovations,and Directed Technological Change,” Economic Journal 125 (2015)。他在这篇文章里探讨了近期关于“定向”技术变革的文献。他对这个课题做出了重大贡献。
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[9]Anthony B. Atkinson and Joseph E. Stiglitz,“A New View of Technological Change,” Economic Journal 79 (1969): 573-578.
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[10]David H. Autor,Frank Levy,and Richard J. Murnane,“The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (2003): 1279-1333; David H. Autor,Lawrence F. Katz,and Melissa S. Kearney,“The Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market,” American Economic Review,Papers and Proceedings 96 (2006): 189-194; and Acemoglu and Autor,“What Does Human Capital Do.”
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[11]Kenneth Arrow,“The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing,” Review of Economic Studies 29 (1962): 155-173,quote p. 156.
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[12]Steven Chu,Romanes lecture,University of Oxford,November 2014.
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[13]Robert M. Solow,The Labor Market as a Social Institution (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1990),quote p. 3.
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[14]Eric Newby,The Last Grain Race (London: Secker and Warburg,1956).
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[15]Peter Diamond,“Wage Determination and Efficiency in Search Equilibrium,” Review of Economic Studies 49 (1982): 217-227,quote p. 219.
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