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[16]E. Henry Phelps Brown,The Inequality of Pay (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1977).
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[17]W. Bentley MacLeod and James M. Malcomson,“Motivation and Markets,” American Economic Review 88 (1998): 388-411,quote p. 400。
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[18]Truman Bewley,Why Wages Don’t Fall During a Recession (Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press,1999),quote pp. 84-85.
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[19]这本书详细介绍了这个薪酬规范模型:Anthony B. Atkinson,Is Rising Inequality Inevitable? A Critique of the Transatlantic Consensus (Helsinki: UNU/WIDER,1999); and Anthony B. Atkinson,The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries (The Rodolfo De Benedetti Lecture Series) (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2008),Note 2。
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[20]OECD,Divided We Stand (Paris: OECD,2011),Figure 1.18.
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[21]Stephen Nickell and Richard Layard,“Labour Market Institutions and Economic Performance,” in Orley Ashenfelter and David Card,eds.,Handbook of Labor Economics,vol. 3.3 (Amsterdam: Elsevier,1999),3029-3084,quote p. 3078.
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[22]Jelle Visser,“Wage Bargaining Institutions—from Crisis to Crisis,” European Economy Economic Papers 488 (2013),European Commission,Brussels,quote p. 4.
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[23]David Card,Thomas Lemieux,and W. Craig Riddell,“Unions and Wage Inequality,” Journal of Labor Research 25 (2004): 519-562,quote p. 555.
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[24]参见英国工会联合总会(Trade Union Congress)的网站 (http://www.tuc.org.uk)。引用部分下载于2014年10月24日。
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[25]Daron Acemoglu,Philippe Aghion,and Giovanni L. Violante,“Deunionization,Technical Change,and Inequality,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 55 (2001): 229-264。本参考目录请参见Andrea Brandolini,“Political Economy and the Mechanics of Politics,” Politics and Society 38 (2010): 212-226。
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[26]Mark Carley,“Trade Union Membership 2003-2008,” in European Industrial Relations Observatory On-Line (Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions,2009).
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[27]Michael F. Frster and István Gyrgy Tóth,“Cross-Country Evidence of the Multiple Causes of Inequality Changes in the OECD Area,” in Anthony B. Atkinson and Franois Bourguignon,eds.,Handbook of Income Distribution,vol. 2B (Amsterdam: Elsevier,2015),1729-1843,quote p. 1775.
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[28]我在剑桥大学读书时,写下这样一个生产函数会引发激烈的辩论。我听到Joan Robinson频繁提出“什么是资本?”这个问题。的确在资本总量方面有许多问题需要解决,但是这个函数可以满足当前的目的。
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[29]弹性为1时出现临界情况,回报率的下降幅度与存量资本的上升幅度相当,使得资本(利润)比重不会随着时间推移而变化。这是科布—道格拉斯生产函数描述的情况。产量Y由 aLβK 1-β表示,其中a和β是常量。Paul Douglas教授(后来成为参议员)发现要素份额大体上保持恒定,于是请教他的数学同事Charles Cobb哪个函数可以得出这个结果。这个想法早先是由著名瑞典经济学家Knut Wicksell提出的。
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[30]Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson,“The Rise and Fall of General Laws of Capitalism,” Journal of Economic Literature,forthcoming. The review by Robert S. Chirinko,“б: The Long and Short of It,”Journal of Macroeconomics 30 (2008): 671-686。该文强调了短期数据与长期参数之间的冲突,而这种冲突是我们最感兴趣的。此外还有必要区分总值和净值。正如Matthew Rognlie所说,用生产函数和扣除折旧后的回报率定义的弹性低于扣除折旧前的总弹性。请参见“A Note on Piketty and Diminishing Returns to Capital,” http://www.mit.edu/~mrognlie/piketty_diminishing_returns.pdf。
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[31]Alfonso Arpaia,Esther Pérez,and Karl Pichelmann,“Understanding Labour Income Share Dynamics in Europe,” European Economy Economic Papers 379 (2009),European Commission,Brussels,quote p. 2。他们还表示“劳动比重不仅在过去30年里下降,还可能因为资本积累和高技能劳动力在就业总人口中的比重上升而在未来持续下降”。
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[32]Lawrence H. Summers,“Economic Possibilities for Our Children,” The 2013 Martin Feldstein Lecture,NBER Reporter 4 (2013): 1-6。我们用K 1表示资本的第一个用途,用K 2表示资本的第二个用途,这样总量生产函数变成F(K 1,AL + B K 2),其中A和B取决于技术水平。Autor、Katzand Kearney在“The Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market”中采用的任务法也探讨了(从事常规任务时)机器人作为劳动力的完美替代品的案例。
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[33]如果(1/A)个工人对生产的贡献等同于(1/B)个机器人,那么工人工资与回报率之比低于A/B时,生产中就不会采用机器人。工人工资与回报率之比等于A/B时,生产中会同时使用机器人和工人。
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[34]Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne,“The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?” Oxford Martin School Working Paper (2013),http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf.
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[35]James E. Meade,Efficiency,Equality and the Ownership of Property (London: Allen and Unwin,1964).
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[36]Paul Samuelson,“Review,”Economic Journal 75 (1965): 804-806,quote p. 805.
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[37]Michael Kalecki,“Class Struggle and the Distribution of National Income,” Kyklos 24 (1971): 1-9,quote p. 3.
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[38]这个分析将工资谈判模式(在这个模式里,工会对就业产生影响)与Avinash Dixit和Joseph Stiglitz的垄断竞争模式结合了起来,关于垄断竞争模式,请参见Avinash Dixit and Joseph Stiglitz,“Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity,” American Economic Review 67 (1977): 297-308。
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[39]John K. Galbraith,American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (London: Hamish Hamilton,1952).
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[40]Office for National Statistics,Ownership of UK Quoted Shares,2012 (London: Office for National Statistics,2013),Table 1.
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