打字猴:1.704628706e+09
1704628706 ［73］OECD，Divided We Stand，quote p. 22.
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1704628708 第3章 不平等经济学
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1704628710 ［1］显然，这张清单还可以拓展下去。譬如，我没有讨论收入不平等与移民之间的关系。移民经济学本身就是一个重要课题。目前尚不清楚它是否为引发总体收入不平等上升的一个重要原因。David Card分析了美国的移民情况后得出结论：“在过去25年里，移民对于总体薪酬不平等上升的贡献相对较小（4%—6%）。”“Immigration and Inequality,” American Economic Review，Papers and Proceedings 99 (2009): 1-19，引自第19页。
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1704628712 ［2］Jan Tinbergen，Income Distribution: Analysis and Policies (Amsterdam: NorthHolland，1975).
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1704628714 ［3］替代弹性测量了一个要素的相对价格上升时，（相对于其他要素）对它的需求成比例下降的情况。如果技术工人的相对工资上升10%导致对他的相对需求下降10%，那么替代弹性等于1。如果把这个概念延伸到两个以上的要素时，会出现许多定义问题——参见Charles Blackorby and Robert Russell，“Will the Real Elasticity of Substitution Please Stand Up? (A Comparison of the Allen/Uzawa and Morishima Elasticities),” American Economic Review 79 (1989): 882-888。
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1704628716 ［4］譬如请参见Daron Acemoglu and David Autor，“What Does Human Capital Do? A Review of Goldin and Katz’s The Race between Education and Technology,”Journal of Economic Literature 50 (2012): 426-463，引用自脚注10。引用的脚注10对此有清晰的介绍。
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1704628718 ［5］现值计算考虑了未来收入的价值低于现在收入这一事实。如果把现在的1英镑存入银行T年，且利率为r，那么它的收入累积下来为e rT英镑。这个计算假设技术工人和非技术工人的工作时间一样长。
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1704628720 ［6］Adam Bryant，“In Head-Hunting，Big Data May Not Be Such a Big Deal,” interview with Laszlo Bock,New York Times，June 19，2013.
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1704628722 ［7］Sir John Hicks，The Theory of Wages (London: Macmillan，1932)，quote p. 124.
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1704628724 ［8］替代弹性超过1时，不会出现长期稳定状态。经济会在可能出现创新的前沿分化，此时非技术劳动力不会对技术进步产生任何推动作用（人们将其视为下限）。请参见Charles Kennedy，“Induced Bias in Innovation and the Theory of Distribution,” Economic Journal 74 (1964): 541-547; Paul Samuelson，“A Theory of Induced Innovations along Kennedy-Weiscker Lines,” Review of Economics and Statistics 97 (1965): 444-464; and Emmanuel Drandakis and Edmund S. Phelps，“A Model of Induced Invention，Growth and Distribution,” Economic Journal 75 (1965): 823-840. Daron Acemoglu相当完善地总结了20世纪60年代关于诱发创新的文献，请参见Daron Acemoglu，“Localized and Biased Technologies: Atkinson and Stiglitz’s New View，Induced Innovations，and Directed Technological Change,” Economic Journal 125 (2015)。他在这篇文章里探讨了近期关于“定向”技术变革的文献。他对这个课题做出了重大贡献。
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1704628726 ［9］Anthony B. Atkinson and Joseph E. Stiglitz，“A New View of Technological Change,” Economic Journal 79 (1969): 573-578.
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1704628728 ［10］David H. Autor，Frank Levy，and Richard J. Murnane，“The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (2003): 1279-1333; David H. Autor，Lawrence F. Katz，and Melissa S. Kearney，“The Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market,” American Economic Review，Papers and Proceedings 96 (2006): 189-194; and Acemoglu and Autor，“What Does Human Capital Do.”
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1704628730 ［11］Kenneth Arrow，“The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing,” Review of Economic Studies 29 (1962): 155-173，quote p. 156.
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1704628732 ［12］Steven Chu，Romanes lecture，University of Oxford，November 2014.
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1704628734 ［13］Robert M. Solow，The Labor Market as a Social Institution (Oxford: Basil Blackwell，1990)，quote p. 3.
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1704628736 ［14］Eric Newby，The Last Grain Race (London: Secker and Warburg，1956).
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1704628738 ［15］Peter Diamond，“Wage Determination and Efficiency in Search Equilibrium,” Review of Economic Studies 49 (1982): 217-227，quote p. 219.
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1704628740 ［16］E. Henry Phelps Brown,The Inequality of Pay (Oxford: Oxford University Press，1977).
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1704628742 ［17］W. Bentley MacLeod and James M. Malcomson，“Motivation and Markets,” American Economic Review 88 (1998): 388-411，quote p. 400。
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1704628744 ［18］Truman Bewley，Why Wages Don’t Fall During a Recession (Cambridge，MA: Harvard University Press，1999)，quote pp. 84-85.
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1704628746 ［19］这本书详细介绍了这个薪酬规范模型：Anthony B. Atkinson,Is Rising Inequality Inevitable? A Critique of the Transatlantic Consensus (Helsinki: UNU/WIDER，1999); and Anthony B. Atkinson,The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries (The Rodolfo De Benedetti Lecture Series) (Oxford: Oxford University Press，2008)，Note 2。
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1704628748 ［20］OECD，Divided We Stand (Paris: OECD，2011)，Figure 1.18.
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1704628750 ［21］Stephen Nickell and Richard Layard，“Labour Market Institutions and Economic Performance,” in Orley Ashenfelter and David Card，eds.，Handbook of Labor Economics，vol. 3.3 (Amsterdam: Elsevier，1999)，3029-3084，quote p. 3078.
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1704628752 ［22］Jelle Visser，“Wage Bargaining Institutions—from Crisis to Crisis,” European Economy Economic Papers 488 (2013)，European Commission，Brussels，quote p. 4.
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1704628754 ［23］David Card，Thomas Lemieux，and W. Craig Riddell，“Unions and Wage Inequality,” Journal of Labor Research 25 (2004): 519-562，quote p. 555.
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