打字猴:1.70462872e+09
1704628720 ［6］Adam Bryant，“In Head-Hunting，Big Data May Not Be Such a Big Deal,” interview with Laszlo Bock,New York Times，June 19，2013.
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1704628722 ［7］Sir John Hicks，The Theory of Wages (London: Macmillan，1932)，quote p. 124.
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1704628724 ［8］替代弹性超过1时，不会出现长期稳定状态。经济会在可能出现创新的前沿分化，此时非技术劳动力不会对技术进步产生任何推动作用（人们将其视为下限）。请参见Charles Kennedy，“Induced Bias in Innovation and the Theory of Distribution,” Economic Journal 74 (1964): 541-547; Paul Samuelson，“A Theory of Induced Innovations along Kennedy-Weiscker Lines,” Review of Economics and Statistics 97 (1965): 444-464; and Emmanuel Drandakis and Edmund S. Phelps，“A Model of Induced Invention，Growth and Distribution,” Economic Journal 75 (1965): 823-840. Daron Acemoglu相当完善地总结了20世纪60年代关于诱发创新的文献，请参见Daron Acemoglu，“Localized and Biased Technologies: Atkinson and Stiglitz’s New View，Induced Innovations，and Directed Technological Change,” Economic Journal 125 (2015)。他在这篇文章里探讨了近期关于“定向”技术变革的文献。他对这个课题做出了重大贡献。
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1704628726 ［9］Anthony B. Atkinson and Joseph E. Stiglitz，“A New View of Technological Change,” Economic Journal 79 (1969): 573-578.
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1704628728 ［10］David H. Autor，Frank Levy，and Richard J. Murnane，“The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (2003): 1279-1333; David H. Autor，Lawrence F. Katz，and Melissa S. Kearney，“The Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market,” American Economic Review，Papers and Proceedings 96 (2006): 189-194; and Acemoglu and Autor，“What Does Human Capital Do.”
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1704628730 ［11］Kenneth Arrow，“The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing,” Review of Economic Studies 29 (1962): 155-173，quote p. 156.
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1704628732 ［12］Steven Chu，Romanes lecture，University of Oxford，November 2014.
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1704628734 ［13］Robert M. Solow，The Labor Market as a Social Institution (Oxford: Basil Blackwell，1990)，quote p. 3.
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1704628736 ［14］Eric Newby，The Last Grain Race (London: Secker and Warburg，1956).
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1704628738 ［15］Peter Diamond，“Wage Determination and Efficiency in Search Equilibrium,” Review of Economic Studies 49 (1982): 217-227，quote p. 219.
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1704628740 ［16］E. Henry Phelps Brown,The Inequality of Pay (Oxford: Oxford University Press，1977).
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1704628742 ［17］W. Bentley MacLeod and James M. Malcomson，“Motivation and Markets,” American Economic Review 88 (1998): 388-411，quote p. 400。
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1704628744 ［18］Truman Bewley，Why Wages Don’t Fall During a Recession (Cambridge，MA: Harvard University Press，1999)，quote pp. 84-85.
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1704628746 ［19］这本书详细介绍了这个薪酬规范模型：Anthony B. Atkinson,Is Rising Inequality Inevitable? A Critique of the Transatlantic Consensus (Helsinki: UNU/WIDER，1999); and Anthony B. Atkinson,The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries (The Rodolfo De Benedetti Lecture Series) (Oxford: Oxford University Press，2008)，Note 2。
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1704628748 ［20］OECD，Divided We Stand (Paris: OECD，2011)，Figure 1.18.
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1704628750 ［21］Stephen Nickell and Richard Layard，“Labour Market Institutions and Economic Performance,” in Orley Ashenfelter and David Card，eds.，Handbook of Labor Economics，vol. 3.3 (Amsterdam: Elsevier，1999)，3029-3084，quote p. 3078.
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1704628752 ［22］Jelle Visser，“Wage Bargaining Institutions—from Crisis to Crisis,” European Economy Economic Papers 488 (2013)，European Commission，Brussels，quote p. 4.
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1704628754 ［23］David Card，Thomas Lemieux，and W. Craig Riddell，“Unions and Wage Inequality,” Journal of Labor Research 25 (2004): 519-562，quote p. 555.
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1704628756 ［24］参见英国工会联合总会（Trade Union Congress）的网站 (http://www.tuc.org.uk)。引用部分下载于2014年10月24日。
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1704628758 ［25］Daron Acemoglu，Philippe Aghion，and Giovanni L. Violante，“Deunionization，Technical Change，and Inequality,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 55 (2001): 229-264。本参考目录请参见Andrea Brandolini，“Political Economy and the Mechanics of Politics,” Politics and Society 38 (2010): 212-226。
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1704628760 ［26］Mark Carley，“Trade Union Membership 2003-2008,” in European Industrial Relations Observatory On-Line (Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions，2009).
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1704628762 ［27］Michael F. Frster and István Gyrgy Tóth，“Cross-Country Evidence of the Multiple Causes of Inequality Changes in the OECD Area,” in Anthony B. Atkinson and Franois Bourguignon，eds.，Handbook of Income Distribution，vol. 2B (Amsterdam: Elsevier，2015)，1729-1843，quote p. 1775.
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1704628764 ［28］我在剑桥大学读书时，写下这样一个生产函数会引发激烈的辩论。我听到Joan Robinson频繁提出“什么是资本？”这个问题。的确在资本总量方面有许多问题需要解决，但是这个函数可以满足当前的目的。
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1704628766 ［29］弹性为1时出现临界情况，回报率的下降幅度与存量资本的上升幅度相当，使得资本（利润）比重不会随着时间推移而变化。这是科布—道格拉斯生产函数描述的情况。产量Y由 aLβK 1-β表示，其中a和β是常量。Paul Douglas教授（后来成为参议员）发现要素份额大体上保持恒定，于是请教他的数学同事Charles Cobb哪个函数可以得出这个结果。这个想法早先是由著名瑞典经济学家Knut Wicksell提出的。
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1704628768 ［30］Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson，“The Rise and Fall of General Laws of Capitalism,” Journal of Economic Literature，forthcoming. The review by Robert S. Chirinko，“б: The Long and Short of It,”Journal of Macroeconomics 30 (2008): 671-686。该文强调了短期数据与长期参数之间的冲突，而这种冲突是我们最感兴趣的。此外还有必要区分总值和净值。正如Matthew Rognlie所说，用生产函数和扣除折旧后的回报率定义的弹性低于扣除折旧前的总弹性。请参见“A Note on Piketty and Diminishing Returns to Capital,” http://www.mit.edu/~mrognlie/piketty_diminishing_returns.pdf。
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