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［43］Evidence from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, ONS website, Table1.7a,http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ashe/annual-survey-of-hours-and-earnings/index.html.
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第6章 资本共享
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［1］J. E. Meade, Efficiency, Equality, and the Ownership of Property(London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1964), quote p. 48.
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［2］Josiah Wedgwood, The Economics of Inheritance, new ed. (London: Pelican Books, 1939), 115-116.
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［3］Geoffrey Brennan, Gordon Menzies, and Michael Munge, “A Brief History of Equality,”Economics Discipline Group Working Paper 17 (2014), UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney.
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［4］Christine Schwartz, “Earnings Inequality and the Changing Association between Spouses’ Earnings,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2010): 1524-1557, quote p. 1528.
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［5］John Ermisch, Marco Francesconi, and Thomas Siedler, “Intergenerational Economic Mobility and Assortative Mating,” IZA Discussion Papers 1847, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, 2005.
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［6］Kerwin Kofi Charles, Erik Hurst, and Alexandra Killewald, “Marital Sorting and Parental Wealth,” Demography 50 (2013): 51-70.
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［7］Francesca Bastagli and John Hills, “Wealth Accumulation, Ageing, and House Prices,” in John Hills et al., eds., Wealth in the UK (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013): 63-91, quote p. 65.
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［8］这些数据摘自Bastagli和Hills的“Wealth Accumulation”，表4.1。
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［9］European Central Bank, “The Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey: Results from the First Wave,”Statistical Paper Series 2 (2013): quoted Table 1.2.
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［10］Colin Jones and Alan Murie,The Right to Buy(Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), quote pp. 178 and 179.
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［11］John Hills and Howard Glennerster, “Public Policy, Wealth, and Assets: A Complex and Inconsistent Story,” in Hills et al.,Wealth in the UK, 165-193, quote p. 187.
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［12］Regeneris Consulting and Oxford Economics, The Role of Housing in the Economy: A Final Report by Regeneris Consulting and Oxford Economics (Altrincham: Regeneris Consulting Ltd., 2010), quote pp. 8 and 71.
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［13］Office of Fair Trading，Defined Contribution Workplace Pension Market Study (London: Office of Fair Trading, 2013), OFT1505, quote p. 16 and Figure 6.2。该调查发现，合同和捆绑信托计划的（资产）平均费用率为0.71%。
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［14］As described by the UK Office for National Statistics: Karen Grovell and Daniel Wisniewski,Changes to the UK National Accounts: Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (London: Office for National Statistics, 2014), quote p. 2.
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［15］John Kay, Other People’s Money(New York: Public Affairs, 2015)。感谢John Kay允许我引用正式出版前版本中的内容。
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［16］Jan Pen，Income Distribution: Facts, Theories, Policies,Trevor S. Preston翻译（New York：Praeger，1971），p.50。如果财富分配是由总收入的累积份额所代表，那底层收入人群所占的份额就是负数。这表明，代表不同比例人群总收入累积份额的曲线（即洛伦兹曲线）最初是低于零的。这在评估财富不平等时尤其是一个问题，因为它会造成基尼系数的上升。如果有足够多的人拥有的是负资产，那基尼系数在理论上就可以超过100%。
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［17］Edward N. Wolff, “Recent Trends in Household Wealth in the United States: Rising Debt and the Middle-Class Squeeze—an Update to 2007,” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Working Paper 589 (2010)，Tables 1 and 2.
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［18］Jesse Bricker et al., “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2010 to 2013: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances,”Federal Reserve Bulletin 100 (2014): 1-41, quote p. 3.
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［19］Bricker at al., quote p. 26.
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［20］Jean-Claude Juncker, A New Start for Europe: My Agenda for Jobs, Growth, Fairness and Democratic Change: Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission (Brussels: European Commission, 2014), quote p. 8.
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［21］International Monetary Fund (IMF),World Economic Outlook (WEO) April 2014: Recovery Strengthens, Remains Uneven. World Economic and Financial Surveys, quote p. 1.
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［22］Meade, Efficiency,Equality, quote p. 44.
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［23］在此我要感谢Robert J. Shiller, “The Invention of Inflation-Indexed Bonds in Early America,”NBER Working Paper 10183, December 2003。据他观察，很有可能还有更早的先例。
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