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［18］European Commission,Employment and Social Developments, quote p.41, Chart 28.
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［19］Richard A. Musgrave,The Theory of Public Finance(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959).
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［20］Joseph A. Kershaw,Government against Poverty(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1970),quote p.91.
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［21］Peter Gottschalk, “The Impact of Changes in Public Employment on Low-Wage Labor Markets,” in Richard B. Freeman and Peter Gottschalk, eds.,Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998), quote p. 83.
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［22］Robert H. Haveman, “The Dutch Social Employment Program,” in John L. Palmer, ed.,Creating Jobs(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978): 241-270, quote p. 243.
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［23］Hyman P. Minsky,Stabilizing an Unstable Economy（New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986）。明斯基计划的预计成本是国民生产总值的0.055%，涉及约200万名工人。2014年9月，美国的失业总人口是930万人（Bureau of Labor Statistics News Release, U.S. Department of Labor,The Employment Situation—September 2014, USDL-14-1796）。
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［24］根据零时工作合同，雇主可以将雇员的工作小时设定为全职至零小时不等。禁止此类合同的理由很充分，但不论怎样，这类合同在英国的合法性已经受到了质疑：参见Ewan McGaughey, “Are Zero Hours Contracts Lawful?” 29 November 2014, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2531913。
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［25］Kershaw, Government against Poverty, quote p. 92.
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［26］Established in 2014, see http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1079.
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［27］David T. Ellwood and Elisabeth Welty, “Public Service Employment and Mandatory Work: A Policy Whose Time Has Come and Gone and Come Again?” in Rebecca Blank and David Card, eds., Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001): 299-372, quote p. 300.
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［28］Melvin M. Brodsky, “Public-Service Employment Programs in Selected OECD Countries,”Monthly Labor Review 123 (2000): 31-41, quote p. 34.
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［29］Lane Kenworthy,Egalitarian Cap italism (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004), quote p. 153.
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［30］European Commission,Employment and Social Developments, the heading to Section 5.1 of ch. 2.
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［31］Ive Marx and Gerlinde Verbist, “The Policy Response: Boosting Employment and Social Investment,” in Wiemer Salverda et al., eds.,Changing Inequalities and Societal Impacts in Rich Countries(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014): 265-293, quote p. 271.
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［32］OECD,Extending Opportunities: How Active Social Policy Can Benefit Us All (Paris: OECD, 2005), quote p. 8.
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［33］Winston Churchill MP, Hansard House of Commons, 24 April 1906 155: col 1888.
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［34］接受这一定义应归功于低工作就业研究（LoWER）网络的研究成果。See Claudio Lucifora and Wiemer Salverda,Policies for Low-Wage Employment and Social Exclusion in Europe(Milan: Franco/Angeli, 1998); and “Low Pay,” in Wiemer Salverda, Brian Nolan, and Timothy Smeeding, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 257-283。
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［35］Centre for Research in Social Policy, “Uprating the UK Living Wage in 2013,” CRSP Working Paper 2013, University of Loughborough.
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［36］Low Wage Commission,Work That Pays: The Final Report of the Low Pay Commission (London: Low Pay Commission, 2014), quote p. 22.
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［37］Low Pay Commission,National Minimum Wage Report 2014 (London: HMSO, 2014), quote paragraph 37.
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［38］Anthony B. Atkinson and Sarah Voitchovsky, “The Distribution of Top Earnings in the UK since the Second World War,” Economica 78 (2011): 440-459.
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［39］High Pay Centre,Reform Agenda: How to Make Top Pay Fairer(London: High Pay Centre, 2014).
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［40］Impact and Performance Report for Traidcraft 2013-14, quote p. 42.
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［41］Will Hutton,Review of Fair Pay in the Public Sector: Final Report(London: HMSO, 2011), quote p. 3.
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［42］High Pay Centre,Reform Agenda, quote p. 17.
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