打字猴:1.70462892e+09
1704628920 [18]European Commission,Employment and Social Developments, quote p.41, Chart 28.
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1704628922 [19]Richard A. Musgrave,The Theory of Public Finance(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959).
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1704628924 [20]Joseph A. Kershaw,Government against Poverty(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1970),quote p.91.
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1704628926 [21]Peter Gottschalk, “The Impact of Changes in Public Employment on Low-Wage Labor Markets,” in Richard B. Freeman and Peter Gottschalk, eds.,Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998), quote p. 83.
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1704628928 [22]Robert H. Haveman, “The Dutch Social Employment Program,” in John L. Palmer, ed.,Creating Jobs(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978): 241-270, quote p. 243.
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1704628930 [23]Hyman P. Minsky,Stabilizing an Unstable Economy(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986)。明斯基计划的预计成本是国民生产总值的0.055%,涉及约200万名工人。2014年9月,美国的失业总人口是930万人(Bureau of Labor Statistics News Release, U.S. Department of Labor,The Employment Situation—September 2014, USDL-14-1796)。
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1704628932 [24]根据零时工作合同,雇主可以将雇员的工作小时设定为全职至零小时不等。禁止此类合同的理由很充分,但不论怎样,这类合同在英国的合法性已经受到了质疑:参见Ewan McGaughey, “Are Zero Hours Contracts Lawful?” 29 November 2014, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2531913。
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1704628934 [25]Kershaw, Government against Poverty, quote p. 92.
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1704628936 [26]Established in 2014, see http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1079.
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1704628938 [27]David T. Ellwood and Elisabeth Welty, “Public Service Employment and Mandatory Work: A Policy Whose Time Has Come and Gone and Come Again?” in Rebecca Blank and David Card, eds., Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001): 299-372, quote p. 300.
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1704628940 [28]Melvin M. Brodsky, “Public-Service Employment Programs in Selected OECD Countries,”Monthly Labor Review 123 (2000): 31-41, quote p. 34.
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1704628942 [29]Lane Kenworthy,Egalitarian Cap italism (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004), quote p. 153.
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1704628944 [30]European Commission,Employment and Social Developments, the heading to Section 5.1 of ch. 2.
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1704628946 [31]Ive Marx and Gerlinde Verbist, “The Policy Response: Boosting Employment and Social Investment,” in Wiemer Salverda et al., eds.,Changing Inequalities and Societal Impacts in Rich Countries(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014): 265-293, quote p. 271.
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1704628948 [32]OECD,Extending Opportunities: How Active Social Policy Can Benefit Us All (Paris: OECD, 2005), quote p. 8.
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1704628950 [33]Winston Churchill MP, Hansard House of Commons, 24 April 1906 155: col 1888.
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1704628952 [34]接受这一定义应归功于低工作就业研究(LoWER)网络的研究成果。See Claudio Lucifora and Wiemer Salverda,Policies for Low-Wage Employment and Social Exclusion in Europe(Milan: Franco/Angeli, 1998); and “Low Pay,” in Wiemer Salverda, Brian Nolan, and Timothy Smeeding, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 257-283。
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1704628954 [35]Centre for Research in Social Policy, “Uprating the UK Living Wage in 2013,” CRSP Working Paper 2013, University of Loughborough.
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1704628956 [36]Low Wage Commission,Work That Pays: The Final Report of the Low Pay Commission (London: Low Pay Commission, 2014), quote p. 22.
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1704628958 [37]Low Pay Commission,National Minimum Wage Report 2014 (London: HMSO, 2014), quote paragraph 37.
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1704628960 [38]Anthony B. Atkinson and Sarah Voitchovsky, “The Distribution of Top Earnings in the UK since the Second World War,” Economica 78 (2011): 440-459.
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1704628962 [39]High Pay Centre,Reform Agenda: How to Make Top Pay Fairer(London: High Pay Centre, 2014).
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1704628964 [40]Impact and Performance Report for Traidcraft 2013-14, quote p. 42.
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1704628966 [41]Will Hutton,Review of Fair Pay in the Public Sector: Final Report(London: HMSO, 2011), quote p. 3.
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1704628968 [42]High Pay Centre,Reform Agenda, quote p. 17.
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