打字猴:1.70462899e+09
1704628990 [9]European Central Bank, “The Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey: Results from the First Wave,”Statistical Paper Series 2 (2013): quoted Table 1.2.
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1704628992 [10]Colin Jones and Alan Murie,The Right to Buy(Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), quote pp. 178 and 179.
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1704628994 [11]John Hills and Howard Glennerster, “Public Policy, Wealth, and Assets: A Complex and Inconsistent Story,” in Hills et al.,Wealth in the UK, 165-193, quote p. 187.
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1704628996 [12]Regeneris Consulting and Oxford Economics, The Role of Housing in the Economy: A Final Report by Regeneris Consulting and Oxford Economics (Altrincham: Regeneris Consulting Ltd., 2010), quote pp. 8 and 71.
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1704628998 [13]Office of Fair Trading,Defined Contribution Workplace Pension Market Study (London: Office of Fair Trading, 2013), OFT1505, quote p. 16 and Figure 6.2。该调查发现,合同和捆绑信托计划的(资产)平均费用率为0.71%。
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1704629000 [14]As described by the UK Office for National Statistics: Karen Grovell and Daniel Wisniewski,Changes to the UK National Accounts: Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (London: Office for National Statistics, 2014), quote p. 2.
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1704629002 [15]John Kay, Other People’s Money(New York: Public Affairs, 2015)。感谢John Kay允许我引用正式出版前版本中的内容。
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1704629004 [16]Jan Pen,Income Distribution: Facts, Theories, Policies,Trevor S. Preston翻译(New York:Praeger,1971),p.50。如果财富分配是由总收入的累积份额所代表,那底层收入人群所占的份额就是负数。这表明,代表不同比例人群总收入累积份额的曲线(即洛伦兹曲线)最初是低于零的。这在评估财富不平等时尤其是一个问题,因为它会造成基尼系数的上升。如果有足够多的人拥有的是负资产,那基尼系数在理论上就可以超过100%。
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1704629006 [17]Edward N. Wolff, “Recent Trends in Household Wealth in the United States: Rising Debt and the Middle-Class Squeeze—an Update to 2007,” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Working Paper 589 (2010),Tables 1 and 2.
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1704629008 [18]Jesse Bricker et al., “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2010 to 2013: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances,”Federal Reserve Bulletin 100 (2014): 1-41, quote p. 3.
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1704629010 [19]Bricker at al., quote p. 26.
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1704629012 [20]Jean-Claude Juncker, A New Start for Europe: My Agenda for Jobs, Growth, Fairness and Democratic Change: Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission (Brussels: European Commission, 2014), quote p. 8.
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1704629014 [21]International Monetary Fund (IMF),World Economic Outlook (WEO) April 2014: Recovery Strengthens, Remains Uneven. World Economic and Financial Surveys, quote p. 1.
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1704629016 [22]Meade, Efficiency,Equality, quote p. 44.
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1704629018 [23]在此我要感谢Robert J. Shiller, “The Invention of Inflation-Indexed Bonds in Early America,”NBER Working Paper 10183, December 2003。据他观察,很有可能还有更早的先例。
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1704629020 [24]可到美国社保局网站“社保史”一栏下查看(http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/paine4.html)。
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1704629022 [25]Peter Lindert and Jeffrey Williamson, “English Workers’ Living Standards during the Industrial Revolution: A New Look,” Economic History Review, sec. ser. 36 (1983): 1-25,quoted Table 2.
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1704629024 [26]Bruce Ackerman and Anne Alstott, The Stake-Holder Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
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1704629026 [27]Cedric Sandford, Economics of Public Finance(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1969);and Anthony B. Atkinson, Unequal Shares(London: Allen Lane, 1972), ch. 11.
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1704629028 [28]Julian Le Grand, “Markets, Welfare and Equality,” in Julian Le Grand and Saul Estrin, eds.,Market Socialism(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); and Julian Le Grand and David Nissan, A Capital Idea: Start-Up Grants for Young People(London: Fabian Society, 2000).
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1704629030 [29]儿童津贴领取资格(2014)受到以下要求的限制:父母和孩子都得满足“在场和居住条件”;申请人需要满足“居住权调查”。
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1704629032 [30]Julian Le Grand, “A Demogrant,” in Motivation, Agency and Public Policy(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 120-136.
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1704629034 [31]President Dwight Eisenhower, State of the Union Message (January 1960).
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1704629036 [32]John Hills, “Counting the Family Silver: The Public Sector’s Balance Sheet 1957 to 1987,” Fiscal Studies 10 (1989): 66-85.
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1704629038 [33]See Samuel Wills, Rick van der Ploeg and Ton van den Bremer, “Norway is right to reassess its sovereign wealth fund” (VoxEU) http://www.voxeu.org/article/norway-right-reassess-its-sovereign-wealth-fund.
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